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1 <!-- vim: set filetype=docbkxml shiftwidth=2 autoindent expandtab tw=77 : -->
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2
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3 <appendix id="svn">
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4 <?dbhtml filename="migrating-to-mercurial.html"?>
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5 <title>Migrating to Mercurial</title>
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6
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7 <para id="x_6e1">A common way to test the waters with a new revision control
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8 tool is to experiment with switching an existing project, rather
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9 than starting a new project from scratch.</para>
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10
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11 <para id="x_6e2">In this appendix, we discuss how to import a project's history
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12 into Mercurial, and what to look out for if you are used to a
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13 different revision control system.</para>
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14
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15 <sect1>
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16 <title>Importing history from another system</title>
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17
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18 <para id="x_6e3">Mercurial ships with an extension named
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19 <literal>convert</literal>, which can import project history
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20 from most popular revision control systems. At the time this
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21 book was written, it could import history from the following
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22 systems:</para>
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23 <itemizedlist>
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24 <listitem>
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25 <para id="x_6e4">Subversion</para>
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26 </listitem>
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27 <listitem>
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28 <para id="x_6e5">CVS</para>
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29 </listitem>
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30 <listitem>
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31 <para id="x_6e6">git</para>
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32 </listitem>
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33 <listitem>
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34 <para id="x_6e7">Darcs</para>
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35 </listitem>
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36 <listitem>
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37 <para id="x_6e8">Bazaar</para>
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38 </listitem>
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39 <listitem>
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40 <para id="x_6e9">Monotone</para>
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41 </listitem>
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42 <listitem>
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43 <para id="x_6ea">GNU Arch</para>
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44 </listitem>
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45 <listitem>
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46 <para id="x_6eb">Mercurial</para>
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47 </listitem>
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48 </itemizedlist>
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49
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50 <para id="x_6ec">(To see why Mercurial itself is supported as a source, see
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51 <xref linkend="svn.filemap"/>.)</para>
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52
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53 <para id="x_6ed">You can enable the extension in the usual way, by editing
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54 your <filename>~/.hgrc</filename> file.</para>
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55
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56 <programlisting>[extensions]
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57 convert =</programlisting>
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58
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59 <para id="x_6ee">This will make a <command>hg convert</command> command
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60 available. The command is easy to use. For instance, this
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61 command will import the Subversion history for the Nose unit
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62 testing framework into Mercurial.</para>
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63
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64 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>hg convert http://python-nose.googlecode.com/svn/trunk</userinput></screen>
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65
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66 <para id="x_6ef">The <literal>convert</literal> extension operates
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67 incrementally. In other words, after you have run <command>hg
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68 convert</command> once, running it again will import any new
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69 revisions committed after the first run began. Incremental
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70 conversion will only work if you run <command>hg
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71 convert</command> in the same Mercurial repository that you
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72 originally used, because the <literal>convert</literal>
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73 extension saves some private metadata in a
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74 non-revision-controlled file named
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75 <filename>.hg/shamap</filename> inside the target
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76 repository.</para>
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77
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78 <para id="x_707">When you want to start making changes using Mercurial, it's
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79 best to clone the tree in which you are doing your conversions,
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80 and leave the original tree for future incremental conversions.
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81 This is the safest way to let you pull and merge future commits
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82 from the source revision control system into your newly active
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83 Mercurial project.</para>
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84
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85 <sect2>
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86 <title>Converting multiple branches</title>
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87
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88 <para id="x_708">The <command>hg convert</command> command given above
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89 converts only the history of the <literal>trunk</literal>
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90 branch of the Subversion repository. If we instead use the
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91 URL <literal>http://python-nose.googlecode.com/svn</literal>,
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92 Mercurial will automatically detect the
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93 <literal>trunk</literal>, <literal>tags</literal> and
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94 <literal>branches</literal> layout that Subversion projects
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95 usually use, and it will import each as a separate Mercurial
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96 branch.</para>
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97
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98 <para id="x_709">By default, each Subversion branch imported into Mercurial
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99 is given a branch name. After the conversion completes, you
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100 can get a list of the active branch names in the Mercurial
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101 repository using <command>hg branches -a</command>. If you
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102 would prefer to import the Subversion branches without names,
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103 pass the <option>--config
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104 convert.hg.usebranchnames=false</option> option to
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105 <command>hg convert</command>.</para>
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106
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107 <para id="x_70a">Once you have converted your tree, if you want to follow
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108 the usual Mercurial practice of working in a tree that
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109 contains a single branch, you can clone that single branch
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110 using <command>hg clone -r mybranchname</command>.</para>
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111 </sect2>
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112
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113 <sect2>
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114 <title>Mapping user names</title>
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115
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116 <para id="x_6f0">Some revision control tools save only short usernames with
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117 commits, and these can be difficult to interpret. The norm
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118 with Mercurial is to save a committer's name and email
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119 address, which is much more useful for talking to them after
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120 the fact.</para>
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121
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122 <para id="x_6f1">If you are converting a tree from a revision control
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123 system that uses short names, you can map those names to
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124 longer equivalents by passing a <option>--authors</option>
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125 option to <command>hg convert</command>. This option accepts
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126 a file name that should contain entries of the following
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127 form.</para>
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128
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129 <programlisting>arist = Aristotle <aristotle@phil.example.gr>
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130 soc = Socrates <socrates@phil.example.gr></programlisting>
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131
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132 <para id="x_6f2">Whenever <literal>convert</literal> encounters a commit
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133 with the username <literal>arist</literal> in the source
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134 repository, it will use the name <literal>Aristotle
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135 <aristotle@phil.example.gr></literal> in the converted
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136 Mercurial revision. If no match is found for a name, it is
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137 used verbatim.</para>
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138 </sect2>
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139
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140 <sect2 id="svn.filemap">
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141 <title>Tidying up the tree</title>
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142
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143 <para id="x_6f3">Not all projects have pristine history. There may be a
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144 directory that should never have been checked in, a file that
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145 is too big, or a whole hierarchy that needs to be
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146 refactored.</para>
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147
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148 <para id="x_6f4">The <literal>convert</literal> extension supports the idea
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149 of a <quote>file map</quote> that can reorganize the files and
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150 directories in a project as it imports the project's history.
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151 This is useful not only when importing history from other
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152 revision control systems, but also to prune or refactor a
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153 Mercurial tree.</para>
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154
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155 <para id="x_6f5">To specify a file map, use the <option>--filemap</option>
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156 option and supply a file name. A file map contains lines of the
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157 following forms.</para>
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158
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159 <programlisting># This is a comment.
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160 # Empty lines are ignored.
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161
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162 include path/to/file
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163
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164 exclude path/to/file
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165
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166 rename from/some/path to/some/other/place
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167 </programlisting>
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168
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169 <para id="x_6f6">The <literal>include</literal> directive causes a file, or
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170 all files under a directory, to be included in the destination
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171 repository. This also excludes all other files and dirs not
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172 explicitely included. The <literal>exclude</literal>
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173 directive causes files or directories to be omitted, and
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174 others not explicitly mentioned to be included.</para>
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175
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176 <para id="x_6f7">To move a file or directory from one location to another,
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177 use the <literal>rename</literal> directive. If you need to
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178 move a file or directory from a subdirectory into the root of
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179 the repository, use <literal>.</literal> as the second
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180 argument to the <literal>rename</literal> directive.</para>
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181 </sect2>
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182
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183 <sect2>
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184 <title>Improving Subversion conversion performance</title>
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185
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186 <para id="x_70b">You will often need several attempts before you hit the
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187 perfect combination of user map, file map, and other
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188 conversion parameters. Converting a Subversion repository
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189 over an access protocol like <literal>ssh</literal> or
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190 <literal>http</literal> can proceed thousands of times more
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191 slowly than Mercurial is capable of actually operating, due to
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192 network delays. This can make tuning that perfect conversion
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193 recipe very painful.</para>
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194
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195 <para id="x_70c">The <ulink
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196 url="http://svn.collab.net/repos/svn/trunk/notes/svnsync.txt"><command>svnsync</command></ulink>
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197 command can greatly speed up the conversion of a Subversion
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198 repository. It is a read-only mirroring program for
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199 Subversion repositories. The idea is that you create a local
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200 mirror of your Subversion tree, then convert the mirror into a
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201 Mercurial repository.</para>
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202
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203 <para id="x_70d">Suppose we want to convert the Subversion repository for
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204 the popular Memcached project into a Mercurial tree. First,
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205 we create a local Subversion repository.</para>
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206
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207 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>svnadmin create memcached-mirror</userinput></screen>
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208
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209 <para id="x_70e">Next, we set up a Subversion hook that
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210 <command>svnsync</command> needs.</para>
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211
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212 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>echo '#!/bin/sh' > memcached-mirror/hooks/pre-revprop-change</userinput>
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213 <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>chmod +x memcached-mirror/hooks/pre-revprop-change</userinput></screen>
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214
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215 <para id="x_70f">We then initialize <command>svnsync</command> in this
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216 repository.</para>
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217
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218 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>svnsync --init file://`pwd`/memcached-mirror \
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219 http://code.sixapart.com/svn/memcached</userinput></screen>
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220
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221 <para id="x_710">Our next step is to begin the <command>svnsync</command>
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222 mirroring process.</para>
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223
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224 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>svnsync sync file://`pwd`/memcached-mirror</userinput></screen>
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225
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226 <para id="x_711">Finally, we import the history of our local Subversion
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227 mirror into Mercurial.</para>
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228
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229 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>hg convert memcached-mirror</userinput></screen>
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230
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231 <para id="x_712">We can use this process incrementally if the Subversion
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232 repository is still in use. We run <command>svnsync</command>
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233 to pull new changes into our mirror, then <command>hg
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234 convert</command> to import them into our Mercurial
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235 tree.</para>
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236
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237 <para id="x_713">There are two advantages to doing a two-stage import with
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238 <command>svnsync</command>. The first is that it uses more
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239 efficient Subversion network syncing code than <command>hg
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240 convert</command>, so it transfers less data over the
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241 network. The second is that the import from a local
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242 Subversion tree is so fast that you can tweak your conversion
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243 setup repeatedly without having to sit through a painfully
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244 slow network-based conversion process each time.</para>
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245 </sect2>
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246 </sect1>
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247
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248 <sect1>
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249 <title>Migrating from Subversion</title>
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250
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251 <para id="x_6f8">Subversion is currently the most popular open source
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252 revision control system. Although there are many differences
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253 between Mercurial and Subversion, making the transition from
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254 Subversion to Mercurial is not particularly difficult. The two
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255 have similar command sets and generally uniform
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256 interfaces.</para>
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257
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258 <sect2>
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259 <title>Philosophical differences</title>
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260
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261 <para id="x_6f9">The fundamental difference between Subversion and
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262 Mercurial is of course that Subversion is centralized, while
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263 Mercurial is distributed. Since Mercurial stores all of a
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264 project's history on your local drive, it only needs to
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265 perform a network access when you want to explicitly
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266 communicate with another repository. In contrast, Subversion
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267 stores very little information locally, and the client must
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268 thus contact its server for many common operations.</para>
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269
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270 <para id="x_6fa">Subversion more or less gets away without a well-defined
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271 notion of a branch: which portion of a server's namespace
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272 qualifies as a branch is a matter of convention, with the
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273 software providing no enforcement. Mercurial treats a
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274 repository as the unit of branch management.</para>
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275
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276 <sect3>
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277 <title>Scope of commands</title>
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278
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279 <para id="x_6fb">Since Subversion doesn't know what parts of its
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280 namespace are really branches, it treats most commands as
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281 requests to operate at and below whatever directory you are
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282 currently visiting. For instance, if you run <command>svn
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283 log</command>, you'll get the history of whatever part of
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284 the tree you're looking at, not the tree as a whole.</para>
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285
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286 <para id="x_6fc">Mercurial's commands behave differently, by defaulting
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287 to operating over an entire repository. Run <command>hg
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288 log</command> and it will tell you the history of the
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289 entire tree, no matter what part of the working directory
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290 you're visiting at the time. If you want the history of
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291 just a particular file or directory, simply supply it by
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292 name, e.g. <command>hg log src</command>.</para>
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293
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294 <para id="x_6fd">From my own experience, this difference in default
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295 behaviors is probably the most likely to trip you up if you
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296 have to switch back and forth frequently between the two
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297 tools.</para>
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298 </sect3>
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299
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300 <sect3>
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301 <title>Multi-user operation and safety</title>
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302
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303 <para id="x_6fe">With Subversion, it is normal (though slightly frowned
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304 upon) for multiple people to collaborate in a single branch.
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305 If Alice and Bob are working together, and Alice commits
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306 some changes to their shared branch, Bob must update his
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307 client's view of the branch before he can commit. Since at
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308 this time he has no permanent record of the changes he has
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309 made, he can corrupt or lose his modifications during and
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310 after his update.</para>
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311
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312 <para id="x_6ff">Mercurial encourages a commit-then-merge model instead.
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313 Bob commits his changes locally before pulling changes from,
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314 or pushing them to, the server that he shares with Alice.
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315 If Alice pushed her changes before Bob tries to push his, he
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316 will not be able to push his changes until he pulls hers,
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317 merges with them, and commits the result of the merge. If
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318 he makes a mistake during the merge, he still has the option
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319 of reverting to the commit that recorded his changes.</para>
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320
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321 <para id="x_700">It is worth emphasizing that these are the common ways
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322 of working with these tools. Subversion supports a safer
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323 work-in-your-own-branch model, but it is cumbersome enough
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324 in practice to not be widely used. Mercurial can support
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325 the less safe mode of allowing changes to be pulled in and
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326 merged on top of uncommitted edits, but this is considered
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327 highly unusual.</para>
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328 </sect3>
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329
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330 <sect3>
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331 <title>Published vs local changes</title>
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332
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333 <para id="x_701">A Subversion <command>svn commit</command> command
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334 immediately publishes changes to a server, where they can be
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335 seen by everyone who has read access.</para>
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336
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337 <para id="x_702">With Mercurial, commits are always local, and must be
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338 published via a <command>hg push</command> command
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339 afterwards.</para>
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340
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341 <para id="x_703">Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. The
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342 Subversion model means that changes are published, and hence
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343 reviewable and usable, immediately. On the other hand, this
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344 means that a user must have commit access to a repository in
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345 order to use the software in a normal way, and commit access
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346 is not lightly given out by most open source
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347 projects.</para>
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348
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349 <para id="x_704">The Mercurial approach allows anyone who can clone a
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350 repository to commit changes without the need for someone
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351 else's permission, and they can then publish their changes
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352 and continue to participate however they see fit. The
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353 distinction between committing and pushing does open up the
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354 possibility of someone committing changes to their laptop
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355 and walking away for a few days having forgotten to push
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356 them, which in rare cases might leave collaborators
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357 temporarily stuck.</para>
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358 </sect3>
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bos@686
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359 </sect2>
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360
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361 <sect2>
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bos@686
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362 <title>Quick reference</title>
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363
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364 <table>
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365 <title>Subversion commands and Mercurial equivalents</title>
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366 <tgroup cols="3">
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367 <thead>
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368 <row>
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369 <entry>Subversion</entry>
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370 <entry>Mercurial</entry>
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371 <entry>Notes</entry>
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372 </row>
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373 </thead>
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374 <tbody>
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375 <row>
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bos@686
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376 <entry><command>svn add</command></entry>
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377 <entry><command>hg add</command></entry>
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378 <entry></entry>
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379 </row>
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380 <row>
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bos@686
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381 <entry><command>svn blame</command></entry>
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382 <entry><command>hg annotate</command></entry>
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383 <entry></entry>
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384 </row>
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385 <row>
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386 <entry><command>svn cat</command></entry>
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387 <entry><command>hg cat</command></entry>
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bos@686
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388 <entry></entry>
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389 </row>
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bos@686
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390 <row>
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bos@686
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391 <entry><command>svn checkout</command></entry>
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392 <entry><command>hg clone</command></entry>
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bos@686
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393 <entry></entry>
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394 </row>
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bos@686
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395 <row>
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396 <entry><command>svn cleanup</command></entry>
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397 <entry>n/a</entry>
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398 <entry>No cleanup needed</entry>
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399 </row>
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bos@686
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400 <row>
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401 <entry><command>svn commit</command></entry>
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402 <entry><command>hg commit</command>; <command>hg
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403 push</command></entry>
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404 <entry><command>hg push</command> publishes after
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405 commit</entry>
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406 </row>
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407 <row>
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408 <entry><command>svn copy</command></entry>
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409 <entry><command>hg clone</command></entry>
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410 <entry>To create a new branch</entry>
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411 </row>
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bos@686
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412 <row>
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bos@686
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413 <entry><command>svn copy</command></entry>
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414 <entry><command>hg copy</command></entry>
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415 <entry>To copy files or directories</entry>
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416 </row>
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417 <row>
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418 <entry><command>svn delete</command> (<command>svn
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419 remove</command>)</entry>
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420 <entry><command>hg remove</command></entry>
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bos@686
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421 <entry></entry>
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bos@686
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422 </row>
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bos@686
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423 <row>
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bos@686
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424 <entry><command>svn diff</command></entry>
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425 <entry><command>hg diff</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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426 <entry></entry>
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bos@686
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427 </row>
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bos@686
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428 <row>
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bos@686
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429 <entry><command>svn export</command></entry>
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430 <entry><command>hg archive</command></entry>
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bos@686
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431 <entry></entry>
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bos@686
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432 </row>
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bos@686
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433 <row>
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bos@686
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434 <entry><command>svn help</command></entry>
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bos@686
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435 <entry><command>hg help</command></entry>
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bos@686
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436 <entry></entry>
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bos@686
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437 </row>
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bos@686
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438 <row>
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bos@686
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439 <entry><command>svn import</command></entry>
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440 <entry><command>hg addremove</command>; <command>hg
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441 commit</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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442 <entry></entry>
|
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bos@686
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443 </row>
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bos@686
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444 <row>
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bos@686
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445 <entry><command>svn info</command></entry>
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bos@686
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446 <entry><command>hg parents</command></entry>
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bos@686
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447 <entry>Shows what revision is checked out</entry>
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bos@686
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448 </row>
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bos@686
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449 <row>
|
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bos@686
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450 <entry><command>svn info</command></entry>
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bos@686
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451 <entry><command>hg showconfig
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bos@686
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452 paths.parent</command></entry>
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bos@686
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453 <entry>Shows what URL is checked out</entry>
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bos@686
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454 </row>
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bos@686
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455 <row>
|
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bos@686
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456 <entry><command>svn list</command></entry>
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bos@686
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457 <entry><command>hg manifest</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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458 <entry></entry>
|
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bos@686
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459 </row>
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bos@686
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460 <row>
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bos@686
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461 <entry><command>svn log</command></entry>
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bos@686
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462 <entry><command>hg log</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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463 <entry></entry>
|
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bos@686
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464 </row>
|
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bos@686
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465 <row>
|
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bos@686
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466 <entry><command>svn merge</command></entry>
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bos@686
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467 <entry><command>hg merge</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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468 <entry></entry>
|
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bos@686
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469 </row>
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bos@686
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470 <row>
|
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bos@686
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471 <entry><command>svn mkdir</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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472 <entry>n/a</entry>
|
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bos@686
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473 <entry>Mercurial does not track directories</entry>
|
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bos@686
|
474 </row>
|
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bos@686
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475 <row>
|
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bos@686
|
476 <entry><command>svn move</command> (<command>svn
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477 rename</command>)</entry>
|
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bos@686
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478 <entry><command>hg rename</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
|
479 <entry></entry>
|
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bos@686
|
480 </row>
|
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bos@686
|
481 <row>
|
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bos@686
|
482 <entry><command>svn resolved</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
|
483 <entry><command>hg resolve -m</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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484 <entry></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
485 </row>
|
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bos@686
|
486 <row>
|
|
bos@686
|
487 <entry><command>svn revert</command></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
488 <entry><command>hg revert</command></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
489 <entry></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
490 </row>
|
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bos@686
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491 <row>
|
|
bos@686
|
492 <entry><command>svn status</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
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493 <entry><command>hg status</command></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
494 <entry></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
495 </row>
|
|
bos@686
|
496 <row>
|
|
bos@686
|
497 <entry><command>svn update</command></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
498 <entry><command>hg pull -u</command></entry>
|
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bos@686
|
499 <entry></entry>
|
|
bos@686
|
500 </row>
|
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bos@686
|
501 </tbody>
|
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bos@686
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502 </tgroup>
|
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bos@686
|
503 </table>
|
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bos@686
|
504 </sect2>
|
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bos@686
|
505 </sect1>
|
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506
|
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bos@686
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507 <sect1>
|
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bos@686
|
508 <title>Useful tips for newcomers</title>
|
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|
509
|
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bos@691
|
510 <para id="x_705">Under some revision control systems, printing a diff for a
|
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|
511 single committed revision can be painful. For instance, with
|
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|
512 Subversion, to see what changed in revision 104654, you must
|
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|
513 type <command>svn diff -r104653:104654</command>. Mercurial
|
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|
514 eliminates the need to type the revision ID twice in this common
|
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|
515 case. For a plain diff, <command>hg export 104654</command>. For
|
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|
516 a log message followed by a diff, <command>hg log -r104654
|
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|
517 -p</command>.</para>
|
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|
518
|
|
bos@691
|
519 <para id="x_706">When you run <command>hg status</command> without any
|
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|
520 arguments, it prints the status of the entire tree, with paths
|
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|
521 relative to the root of the repository. This makes it tricky to
|
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|
522 copy a file name from the output of <command>hg status</command>
|
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bos@686
|
523 into the command line. If you supply a file or directory name
|
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|
524 to <command>hg status</command>, it will print paths relative to
|
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|
525 your current location instead. So to get tree-wide status from
|
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|
526 <command>hg status</command>, with paths that are relative to
|
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|
527 your current directory and not the root of the repository, feed
|
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bos@686
|
528 the output of <command>hg root</command> into <command>hg
|
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|
529 status</command>. You can easily do this as follows on a
|
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|
530 Unix-like system:</para>
|
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|
531
|
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bos@686
|
532 <screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>hg status `hg root`</userinput></screen>
|
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bos@686
|
533 </sect1>
|
|
bos@559
|
534 </appendix>
|
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bos@559
|
535
|
|
bos@559
|
536 <!--
|
|
bos@559
|
537 local variables:
|
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bos@559
|
538 sgml-parent-document: ("00book.xml" "book" "appendix")
|
|
bos@559
|
539 end:
|
|
bos@559
|
540 -->
|
