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1 <!-- vim: set filetype=docbkxml shiftwidth=2 autoindent expandtab tw=77 : -->
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2
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3 <preface id="chap:preface">
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4 <title>Preface</title>
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5
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6 <sect1>
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7 <title>Why revision control? Why Mercurial?</title>
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8
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9 <para id="x_6d">Revision control is the process of managing multiple
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10 versions of a piece of information. In its simplest form, this
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11 is something that many people do by hand: every time you modify
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12 a file, save it under a new name that contains a number, each
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13 one higher than the number of the preceding version.</para>
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14
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15 <para id="x_6e">Manually managing multiple versions of even a single file is
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16 an error-prone task, though, so software tools to help automate
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17 this process have long been available. The earliest automated
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18 revision control tools were intended to help a single user to
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19 manage revisions of a single file. Over the past few decades,
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20 the scope of revision control tools has expanded greatly; they
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21 now manage multiple files, and help multiple people to work
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22 together. The best modern revision control tools have no
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23 problem coping with thousands of people working together on
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24 projects that consist of hundreds of thousands of files.</para>
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25
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26 <para id="x_6f">The arrival of distributed revision control is relatively
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27 recent, and so far this new field has grown due to people's
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28 willingness to explore ill-charted territory.</para>
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29
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30 <para id="x_70">I am writing a book about distributed revision control
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31 because I believe that it is an important subject that deserves
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32 a field guide. I chose to write about Mercurial because it is
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33 the easiest tool to learn the terrain with, and yet it scales to
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34 the demands of real, challenging environments where many other
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35 revision control tools buckle.</para>
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36
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37 <sect2>
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38 <title>Why use revision control?</title>
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39
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40 <para id="x_71">There are a number of reasons why you or your team might
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41 want to use an automated revision control tool for a
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42 project.</para>
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43
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44 <itemizedlist>
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45 <listitem><para id="x_72">It will track the history and evolution of
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46 your project, so you don't have to. For every change,
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47 you'll have a log of <emphasis>who</emphasis> made it;
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48 <emphasis>why</emphasis> they made it;
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49 <emphasis>when</emphasis> they made it; and
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50 <emphasis>what</emphasis> the change
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51 was.</para></listitem>
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52 <listitem><para id="x_73">When you're working with other people,
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53 revision control software makes it easier for you to
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54 collaborate. For example, when people more or less
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55 simultaneously make potentially incompatible changes, the
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56 software will help you to identify and resolve those
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57 conflicts.</para></listitem>
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58 <listitem><para id="x_74">It can help you to recover from mistakes. If
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59 you make a change that later turns out to be in error, you
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60 can revert to an earlier version of one or more files. In
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61 fact, a <emphasis>really</emphasis> good revision control
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62 tool will even help you to efficiently figure out exactly
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63 when a problem was introduced (see section <xref
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64 linkend="sec:undo:bisect"/> for details).</para></listitem>
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65 <listitem><para id="x_75">It will help you to work simultaneously on,
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66 and manage the drift between, multiple versions of your
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67 project.</para></listitem>
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68 </itemizedlist>
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69
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70 <para id="x_76">Most of these reasons are equally valid---at least in
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71 theory---whether you're working on a project by yourself, or
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72 with a hundred other people.</para>
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73
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74 <para id="x_77">A key question about the practicality of revision control
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75 at these two different scales (<quote>lone hacker</quote> and
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76 <quote>huge team</quote>) is how its
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77 <emphasis>benefits</emphasis> compare to its
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78 <emphasis>costs</emphasis>. A revision control tool that's
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79 difficult to understand or use is going to impose a high
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80 cost.</para>
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81
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82 <para id="x_78">A five-hundred-person project is likely to collapse under
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83 its own weight almost immediately without a revision control
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84 tool and process. In this case, the cost of using revision
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85 control might hardly seem worth considering, since
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86 <emphasis>without</emphasis> it, failure is almost
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87 guaranteed.</para>
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88
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89 <para id="x_79">On the other hand, a one-person <quote>quick hack</quote>
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90 might seem like a poor place to use a revision control tool,
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91 because surely the cost of using one must be close to the
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92 overall cost of the project. Right?</para>
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93
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94 <para id="x_7a">Mercurial uniquely supports <emphasis>both</emphasis> of
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95 these scales of development. You can learn the basics in just
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96 a few minutes, and due to its low overhead, you can apply
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97 revision control to the smallest of projects with ease. Its
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98 simplicity means you won't have a lot of abstruse concepts or
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99 command sequences competing for mental space with whatever
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100 you're <emphasis>really</emphasis> trying to do. At the same
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101 time, Mercurial's high performance and peer-to-peer nature let
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102 you scale painlessly to handle large projects.</para>
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103
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104 <para id="x_7b">No revision control tool can rescue a poorly run project,
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105 but a good choice of tools can make a huge difference to the
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106 fluidity with which you can work on a project.</para>
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107
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108 </sect2>
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109
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110 <sect2>
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111 <title>The many names of revision control</title>
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112
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113 <para id="x_7c">Revision control is a diverse field, so much so that it is
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114 referred to by many names and acronyms. Here are a few of the
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115 more common variations you'll encounter:</para>
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116 <itemizedlist>
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117 <listitem><para id="x_7d">Revision control (RCS)</para></listitem>
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118 <listitem><para id="x_7e">Software configuration management (SCM), or
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119 configuration management</para></listitem>
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120 <listitem><para id="x_7f">Source code management</para></listitem>
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121 <listitem><para id="x_80">Source code control, or source
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122 control</para></listitem>
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123 <listitem><para id="x_81">Version control
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124 (VCS)</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
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125 <para id="x_82">Some people claim that these terms actually have different
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126 meanings, but in practice they overlap so much that there's no
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127 agreed or even useful way to tease them apart.</para>
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128
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129 </sect2>
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130 </sect1>
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131
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132 <sect1>
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133 <title>This book is a work in progress</title>
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134
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135 <para id="x_83">I am releasing this book while I am still writing it, in the
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136 hope that it will prove useful to others. I am writing under an
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137 open license in the hope that you, my readers, will contribute
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138 feedback and perhaps content of your own.</para>
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139
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140 </sect1>
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141 <sect1>
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142 <title>About the examples in this book</title>
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143
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144 <para id="x_84">This book takes an unusual approach to code samples. Every
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145 example is <quote>live</quote>---each one is actually the result
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146 of a shell script that executes the Mercurial commands you see.
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147 Every time an image of the book is built from its sources, all
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148 the example scripts are automatically run, and their current
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149 results compared against their expected results.</para>
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150
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151 <para id="x_85">The advantage of this approach is that the examples are
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152 always accurate; they describe <emphasis>exactly</emphasis> the
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153 behaviour of the version of Mercurial that's mentioned at the
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154 front of the book. If I update the version of Mercurial that
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155 I'm documenting, and the output of some command changes, the
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156 build fails.</para>
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157
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158 <para id="x_86">There is a small disadvantage to this approach, which is
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159 that the dates and times you'll see in examples tend to be
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160 <quote>squashed</quote> together in a way that they wouldn't be
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161 if the same commands were being typed by a human. Where a human
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162 can issue no more than one command every few seconds, with any
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163 resulting timestamps correspondingly spread out, my automated
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164 example scripts run many commands in one second.</para>
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165
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166 <para id="x_87">As an instance of this, several consecutive commits in an
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167 example can show up as having occurred during the same second.
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168 You can see this occur in the <literal
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169 role="hg-ext">bisect</literal> example in section <xref
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170 id="sec:undo:bisect"/>, for instance.</para>
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171
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172 <para id="x_88">So when you're reading examples, don't place too much weight
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173 on the dates or times you see in the output of commands. But
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174 <emphasis>do</emphasis> be confident that the behaviour you're
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175 seeing is consistent and reproducible.</para>
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176
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177 </sect1>
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178
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179 <sect1>
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180 <title>Trends in the field</title>
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181
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182 <para id="x_89">There has been an unmistakable trend in the development and
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183 use of revision control tools over the past four decades, as
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184 people have become familiar with the capabilities of their tools
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185 and constrained by their limitations.</para>
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186
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187 <para id="x_8a">The first generation began by managing single files on
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188 individual computers. Although these tools represented a huge
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189 advance over ad-hoc manual revision control, their locking model
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190 and reliance on a single computer limited them to small,
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191 tightly-knit teams.</para>
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192
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193 <para id="x_8b">The second generation loosened these constraints by moving
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194 to network-centered architectures, and managing entire projects
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195 at a time. As projects grew larger, they ran into new problems.
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196 With clients needing to talk to servers very frequently, server
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197 scaling became an issue for large projects. An unreliable
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198 network connection could prevent remote users from being able to
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199 talk to the server at all. As open source projects started
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200 making read-only access available anonymously to anyone, people
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201 without commit privileges found that they could not use the
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202 tools to interact with a project in a natural way, as they could
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203 not record their changes.</para>
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204
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205 <para id="x_8c">The current generation of revision control tools is
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206 peer-to-peer in nature. All of these systems have dropped the
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207 dependency on a single central server, and allow people to
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208 distribute their revision control data to where it's actually
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209 needed. Collaboration over the Internet has moved from
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210 constrained by technology to a matter of choice and consensus.
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211 Modern tools can operate offline indefinitely and autonomously,
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212 with a network connection only needed when syncing changes with
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213 another repository.</para>
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214
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215 </sect1>
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216 <sect1>
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217 <title>A few of the advantages of distributed revision
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218 control</title>
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219
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220 <para id="x_8d">Even though distributed revision control tools have for
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221 several years been as robust and usable as their
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222 previous-generation counterparts, people using older tools have
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223 not yet necessarily woken up to their advantages. There are a
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224 number of ways in which distributed tools shine relative to
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225 centralised ones.</para>
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226
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227 <para id="x_8e">For an individual developer, distributed tools are almost
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228 always much faster than centralised tools. This is for a simple
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229 reason: a centralised tool needs to talk over the network for
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230 many common operations, because most metadata is stored in a
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231 single copy on the central server. A distributed tool stores
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232 all of its metadata locally. All else being equal, talking over
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233 the network adds overhead to a centralised tool. Don't
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234 underestimate the value of a snappy, responsive tool: you're
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235 going to spend a lot of time interacting with your revision
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236 control software.</para>
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237
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238 <para id="x_8f">Distributed tools are indifferent to the vagaries of your
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239 server infrastructure, again because they replicate metadata to
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240 so many locations. If you use a centralised system and your
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241 server catches fire, you'd better hope that your backup media
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242 are reliable, and that your last backup was recent and actually
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243 worked. With a distributed tool, you have many backups
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244 available on every contributor's computer.</para>
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245
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246 <para id="x_90">The reliability of your network will affect distributed
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247 tools far less than it will centralised tools. You can't even
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248 use a centralised tool without a network connection, except for
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249 a few highly constrained commands. With a distributed tool, if
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250 your network connection goes down while you're working, you may
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251 not even notice. The only thing you won't be able to do is talk
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252 to repositories on other computers, something that is relatively
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253 rare compared with local operations. If you have a far-flung
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254 team of collaborators, this may be significant.</para>
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255
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256 <sect2>
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257 <title>Advantages for open source projects</title>
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258
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259 <para id="x_91">If you take a shine to an open source project and decide
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260 that you would like to start hacking on it, and that project
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261 uses a distributed revision control tool, you are at once a
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262 peer with the people who consider themselves the
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263 <quote>core</quote> of that project. If they publish their
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264 repositories, you can immediately copy their project history,
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265 start making changes, and record your work, using the same
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266 tools in the same ways as insiders. By contrast, with a
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267 centralised tool, you must use the software in a <quote>read
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268 only</quote> mode unless someone grants you permission to
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269 commit changes to their central server. Until then, you won't
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270 be able to record changes, and your local modifications will
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271 be at risk of corruption any time you try to update your
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272 client's view of the repository.</para>
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273
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274 <sect3>
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275 <title>The forking non-problem</title>
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276
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277 <para id="x_92">It has been suggested that distributed revision control
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278 tools pose some sort of risk to open source projects because
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279 they make it easy to <quote>fork</quote> the development of
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280 a project. A fork happens when there are differences in
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281 opinion or attitude between groups of developers that cause
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282 them to decide that they can't work together any longer.
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283 Each side takes a more or less complete copy of the
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284 project's source code, and goes off in its own
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285 direction.</para>
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286
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287 <para id="x_93">Sometimes the camps in a fork decide to reconcile their
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288 differences. With a centralised revision control system, the
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289 <emphasis>technical</emphasis> process of reconciliation is
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290 painful, and has to be performed largely by hand. You have
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bos@583
|
291 to decide whose revision history is going to
|
|
bos@583
|
292 <quote>win</quote>, and graft the other team's changes into
|
|
bos@583
|
293 the tree somehow. This usually loses some or all of one
|
|
bos@583
|
294 side's revision history.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
295
|
|
bos@584
|
296 <para id="x_94">What distributed tools do with respect to forking is
|
|
bos@583
|
297 they make forking the <emphasis>only</emphasis> way to
|
|
bos@583
|
298 develop a project. Every single change that you make is
|
|
bos@583
|
299 potentially a fork point. The great strength of this
|
|
bos@583
|
300 approach is that a distributed revision control tool has to
|
|
bos@583
|
301 be really good at <emphasis>merging</emphasis> forks,
|
|
bos@583
|
302 because forks are absolutely fundamental: they happen all
|
|
bos@583
|
303 the time.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
304
|
|
bos@584
|
305 <para id="x_95">If every piece of work that everybody does, all the
|
|
bos@583
|
306 time, is framed in terms of forking and merging, then what
|
|
bos@583
|
307 the open source world refers to as a <quote>fork</quote>
|
|
bos@583
|
308 becomes <emphasis>purely</emphasis> a social issue. If
|
|
bos@583
|
309 anything, distributed tools <emphasis>lower</emphasis> the
|
|
bos@583
|
310 likelihood of a fork:</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
311 <itemizedlist>
|
|
bos@584
|
312 <listitem><para id="x_96">They eliminate the social distinction that
|
|
bos@583
|
313 centralised tools impose: that between insiders (people
|
|
bos@583
|
314 with commit access) and outsiders (people
|
|
bos@583
|
315 without).</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
316 <listitem><para id="x_97">They make it easier to reconcile after a
|
|
bos@583
|
317 social fork, because all that's involved from the
|
|
bos@583
|
318 perspective of the revision control software is just
|
|
bos@583
|
319 another merge.</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
|
|
bos@583
|
320
|
|
bos@584
|
321 <para id="x_98">Some people resist distributed tools because they want
|
|
bos@583
|
322 to retain tight control over their projects, and they
|
|
bos@583
|
323 believe that centralised tools give them this control.
|
|
bos@583
|
324 However, if you're of this belief, and you publish your CVS
|
|
bos@583
|
325 or Subversion repositories publicly, there are plenty of
|
|
bos@583
|
326 tools available that can pull out your entire project's
|
|
bos@583
|
327 history (albeit slowly) and recreate it somewhere that you
|
|
bos@583
|
328 don't control. So while your control in this case is
|
|
bos@583
|
329 illusory, you are forgoing the ability to fluidly
|
|
bos@583
|
330 collaborate with whatever people feel compelled to mirror
|
|
bos@583
|
331 and fork your history.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
332
|
|
bos@583
|
333 </sect3>
|
|
bos@583
|
334 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
335 <sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
336 <title>Advantages for commercial projects</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
337
|
|
bos@584
|
338 <para id="x_99">Many commercial projects are undertaken by teams that are
|
|
bos@583
|
339 scattered across the globe. Contributors who are far from a
|
|
bos@583
|
340 central server will see slower command execution and perhaps
|
|
bos@583
|
341 less reliability. Commercial revision control systems attempt
|
|
bos@583
|
342 to ameliorate these problems with remote-site replication
|
|
bos@583
|
343 add-ons that are typically expensive to buy and cantankerous
|
|
bos@583
|
344 to administer. A distributed system doesn't suffer from these
|
|
bos@583
|
345 problems in the first place. Better yet, you can easily set
|
|
bos@583
|
346 up multiple authoritative servers, say one per site, so that
|
|
bos@583
|
347 there's no redundant communication between repositories over
|
|
bos@583
|
348 expensive long-haul network links.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
349
|
|
bos@584
|
350 <para id="x_9a">Centralised revision control systems tend to have
|
|
bos@583
|
351 relatively low scalability. It's not unusual for an expensive
|
|
bos@583
|
352 centralised system to fall over under the combined load of
|
|
bos@583
|
353 just a few dozen concurrent users. Once again, the typical
|
|
bos@583
|
354 response tends to be an expensive and clunky replication
|
|
bos@583
|
355 facility. Since the load on a central server---if you have
|
|
bos@583
|
356 one at all---is many times lower with a distributed tool
|
|
bos@583
|
357 (because all of the data is replicated everywhere), a single
|
|
bos@583
|
358 cheap server can handle the needs of a much larger team, and
|
|
bos@583
|
359 replication to balance load becomes a simple matter of
|
|
bos@583
|
360 scripting.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
361
|
|
bos@584
|
362 <para id="x_9b">If you have an employee in the field, troubleshooting a
|
|
bos@583
|
363 problem at a customer's site, they'll benefit from distributed
|
|
bos@583
|
364 revision control. The tool will let them generate custom
|
|
bos@583
|
365 builds, try different fixes in isolation from each other, and
|
|
bos@583
|
366 search efficiently through history for the sources of bugs and
|
|
bos@583
|
367 regressions in the customer's environment, all without needing
|
|
bos@583
|
368 to connect to your company's network.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
369
|
|
bos@583
|
370 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
371 </sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
372 <sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
373 <title>Why choose Mercurial?</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
374
|
|
bos@584
|
375 <para id="x_9c">Mercurial has a unique set of properties that make it a
|
|
bos@583
|
376 particularly good choice as a revision control system.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
377 <itemizedlist>
|
|
bos@584
|
378 <listitem><para id="x_9d">It is easy to learn and use.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
379 <listitem><para id="x_9e">It is lightweight.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
380 <listitem><para id="x_9f">It scales excellently.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
381 <listitem><para id="x_a0">It is easy to
|
|
bos@583
|
382 customise.</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
|
|
bos@583
|
383
|
|
bos@584
|
384 <para id="x_a1">If you are at all familiar with revision control systems,
|
|
bos@583
|
385 you should be able to get up and running with Mercurial in less
|
|
bos@583
|
386 than five minutes. Even if not, it will take no more than a few
|
|
bos@583
|
387 minutes longer. Mercurial's command and feature sets are
|
|
bos@583
|
388 generally uniform and consistent, so you can keep track of a few
|
|
bos@583
|
389 general rules instead of a host of exceptions.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
390
|
|
bos@584
|
391 <para id="x_a2">On a small project, you can start working with Mercurial in
|
|
bos@583
|
392 moments. Creating new changes and branches; transferring changes
|
|
bos@583
|
393 around (whether locally or over a network); and history and
|
|
bos@583
|
394 status operations are all fast. Mercurial attempts to stay
|
|
bos@583
|
395 nimble and largely out of your way by combining low cognitive
|
|
bos@583
|
396 overhead with blazingly fast operations.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
397
|
|
bos@584
|
398 <para id="x_a3">The usefulness of Mercurial is not limited to small
|
|
bos@583
|
399 projects: it is used by projects with hundreds to thousands of
|
|
bos@583
|
400 contributors, each containing tens of thousands of files and
|
|
bos@583
|
401 hundreds of megabytes of source code.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
402
|
|
bos@584
|
403 <para id="x_a4">If the core functionality of Mercurial is not enough for
|
|
bos@583
|
404 you, it's easy to build on. Mercurial is well suited to
|
|
bos@583
|
405 scripting tasks, and its clean internals and implementation in
|
|
bos@583
|
406 Python make it easy to add features in the form of extensions.
|
|
bos@583
|
407 There are a number of popular and useful extensions already
|
|
bos@583
|
408 available, ranging from helping to identify bugs to improving
|
|
bos@583
|
409 performance.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
410
|
|
bos@583
|
411 </sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
412 <sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
413 <title>Mercurial compared with other tools</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
414
|
|
bos@584
|
415 <para id="x_a5">Before you read on, please understand that this section
|
|
bos@583
|
416 necessarily reflects my own experiences, interests, and (dare I
|
|
bos@583
|
417 say it) biases. I have used every one of the revision control
|
|
bos@583
|
418 tools listed below, in most cases for several years at a
|
|
bos@583
|
419 time.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
420
|
|
bos@583
|
421
|
|
bos@583
|
422 <sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
423 <title>Subversion</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
424
|
|
bos@584
|
425 <para id="x_a6">Subversion is a popular revision control tool, developed
|
|
bos@583
|
426 to replace CVS. It has a centralised client/server
|
|
bos@583
|
427 architecture.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
428
|
|
bos@584
|
429 <para id="x_a7">Subversion and Mercurial have similarly named commands for
|
|
bos@583
|
430 performing the same operations, so if you're familiar with
|
|
bos@583
|
431 one, it is easy to learn to use the other. Both tools are
|
|
bos@583
|
432 portable to all popular operating systems.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
433
|
|
bos@584
|
434 <para id="x_a8">Prior to version 1.5, Subversion had no useful support for
|
|
bos@583
|
435 merges. At the time of writing, its merge tracking capability
|
|
bos@583
|
436 is new, and known to be <ulink
|
|
bos@583
|
437 url="http://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.branchmerge.advanced.html#svn.branchmerge.advanced.finalword">complicated
|
|
bos@583
|
438 and buggy</ulink>.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
439
|
|
bos@584
|
440 <para id="x_a9">Mercurial has a substantial performance advantage over
|
|
bos@583
|
441 Subversion on every revision control operation I have
|
|
bos@583
|
442 benchmarked. I have measured its advantage as ranging from a
|
|
bos@583
|
443 factor of two to a factor of six when compared with Subversion
|
|
bos@583
|
444 1.4.3's <emphasis>ra_local</emphasis> file store, which is the
|
|
bos@583
|
445 fastest access method available. In more realistic
|
|
bos@583
|
446 deployments involving a network-based store, Subversion will
|
|
bos@583
|
447 be at a substantially larger disadvantage. Because many
|
|
bos@583
|
448 Subversion commands must talk to the server and Subversion
|
|
bos@583
|
449 does not have useful replication facilities, server capacity
|
|
bos@583
|
450 and network bandwidth become bottlenecks for modestly large
|
|
bos@583
|
451 projects.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
452
|
|
bos@584
|
453 <para id="x_aa">Additionally, Subversion incurs substantial storage
|
|
bos@583
|
454 overhead to avoid network transactions for a few common
|
|
bos@583
|
455 operations, such as finding modified files
|
|
bos@583
|
456 (<literal>status</literal>) and displaying modifications
|
|
bos@583
|
457 against the current revision (<literal>diff</literal>). As a
|
|
bos@583
|
458 result, a Subversion working copy is often the same size as,
|
|
bos@583
|
459 or larger than, a Mercurial repository and working directory,
|
|
bos@583
|
460 even though the Mercurial repository contains a complete
|
|
bos@583
|
461 history of the project.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
462
|
|
bos@584
|
463 <para id="x_ab">Subversion is widely supported by third party tools.
|
|
bos@583
|
464 Mercurial currently lags considerably in this area. This gap
|
|
bos@583
|
465 is closing, however, and indeed some of Mercurial's GUI tools
|
|
bos@583
|
466 now outshine their Subversion equivalents. Like Mercurial,
|
|
bos@583
|
467 Subversion has an excellent user manual.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
468
|
|
bos@584
|
469 <para id="x_ac">Because Subversion doesn't store revision history on the
|
|
bos@583
|
470 client, it is well suited to managing projects that deal with
|
|
bos@583
|
471 lots of large, opaque binary files. If you check in fifty
|
|
bos@583
|
472 revisions to an incompressible 10MB file, Subversion's
|
|
bos@583
|
473 client-side space usage stays constant The space used by any
|
|
bos@583
|
474 distributed SCM will grow rapidly in proportion to the number
|
|
bos@583
|
475 of revisions, because the differences between each revision
|
|
bos@583
|
476 are large.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
477
|
|
bos@584
|
478 <para id="x_ad">In addition, it's often difficult or, more usually,
|
|
bos@583
|
479 impossible to merge different versions of a binary file.
|
|
bos@583
|
480 Subversion's ability to let a user lock a file, so that they
|
|
bos@583
|
481 temporarily have the exclusive right to commit changes to it,
|
|
bos@583
|
482 can be a significant advantage to a project where binary files
|
|
bos@583
|
483 are widely used.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
484
|
|
bos@584
|
485 <para id="x_ae">Mercurial can import revision history from a Subversion
|
|
bos@583
|
486 repository. It can also export revision history to a
|
|
bos@583
|
487 Subversion repository. This makes it easy to <quote>test the
|
|
bos@583
|
488 waters</quote> and use Mercurial and Subversion in parallel
|
|
bos@583
|
489 before deciding to switch. History conversion is incremental,
|
|
bos@583
|
490 so you can perform an initial conversion, then small
|
|
bos@583
|
491 additional conversions afterwards to bring in new
|
|
bos@583
|
492 changes.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
493
|
|
bos@583
|
494
|
|
bos@583
|
495 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
496 <sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
497 <title>Git</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
498
|
|
bos@584
|
499 <para id="x_af">Git is a distributed revision control tool that was
|
|
bos@583
|
500 developed for managing the Linux kernel source tree. Like
|
|
bos@583
|
501 Mercurial, its early design was somewhat influenced by
|
|
bos@583
|
502 Monotone.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
503
|
|
bos@584
|
504 <para id="x_b0">Git has a very large command set, with version 1.5.0
|
|
bos@583
|
505 providing 139 individual commands. It has something of a
|
|
bos@583
|
506 reputation for being difficult to learn. Compared to Git,
|
|
bos@583
|
507 Mercurial has a strong focus on simplicity.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
508
|
|
bos@584
|
509 <para id="x_b1">In terms of performance, Git is extremely fast. In
|
|
bos@583
|
510 several cases, it is faster than Mercurial, at least on Linux,
|
|
bos@583
|
511 while Mercurial performs better on other operations. However,
|
|
bos@583
|
512 on Windows, the performance and general level of support that
|
|
bos@583
|
513 Git provides is, at the time of writing, far behind that of
|
|
bos@583
|
514 Mercurial.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
515
|
|
bos@584
|
516 <para id="x_b2">While a Mercurial repository needs no maintenance, a Git
|
|
bos@583
|
517 repository requires frequent manual <quote>repacks</quote> of
|
|
bos@583
|
518 its metadata. Without these, performance degrades, while
|
|
bos@583
|
519 space usage grows rapidly. A server that contains many Git
|
|
bos@583
|
520 repositories that are not rigorously and frequently repacked
|
|
bos@583
|
521 will become heavily disk-bound during backups, and there have
|
|
bos@583
|
522 been instances of daily backups taking far longer than 24
|
|
bos@583
|
523 hours as a result. A freshly packed Git repository is
|
|
bos@583
|
524 slightly smaller than a Mercurial repository, but an unpacked
|
|
bos@583
|
525 repository is several orders of magnitude larger.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
526
|
|
bos@584
|
527 <para id="x_b3">The core of Git is written in C. Many Git commands are
|
|
bos@583
|
528 implemented as shell or Perl scripts, and the quality of these
|
|
bos@583
|
529 scripts varies widely. I have encountered several instances
|
|
bos@583
|
530 where scripts charged along blindly in the presence of errors
|
|
bos@583
|
531 that should have been fatal.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
532
|
|
bos@584
|
533 <para id="x_b4">Mercurial can import revision history from a Git
|
|
bos@583
|
534 repository.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
535
|
|
bos@583
|
536
|
|
bos@583
|
537 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
538 <sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
539 <title>CVS</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
540
|
|
bos@584
|
541 <para id="x_b5">CVS is probably the most widely used revision control tool
|
|
bos@583
|
542 in the world. Due to its age and internal untidiness, it has
|
|
bos@583
|
543 been only lightly maintained for many years.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
544
|
|
bos@584
|
545 <para id="x_b6">It has a centralised client/server architecture. It does
|
|
bos@583
|
546 not group related file changes into atomic commits, making it
|
|
bos@583
|
547 easy for people to <quote>break the build</quote>: one person
|
|
bos@583
|
548 can successfully commit part of a change and then be blocked
|
|
bos@583
|
549 by the need for a merge, causing other people to see only a
|
|
bos@583
|
550 portion of the work they intended to do. This also affects
|
|
bos@583
|
551 how you work with project history. If you want to see all of
|
|
bos@583
|
552 the modifications someone made as part of a task, you will
|
|
bos@583
|
553 need to manually inspect the descriptions and timestamps of
|
|
bos@583
|
554 the changes made to each file involved (if you even know what
|
|
bos@583
|
555 those files were).</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
556
|
|
bos@584
|
557 <para id="x_b7">CVS has a muddled notion of tags and branches that I will
|
|
bos@583
|
558 not attempt to even describe. It does not support renaming of
|
|
bos@583
|
559 files or directories well, making it easy to corrupt a
|
|
bos@583
|
560 repository. It has almost no internal consistency checking
|
|
bos@583
|
561 capabilities, so it is usually not even possible to tell
|
|
bos@583
|
562 whether or how a repository is corrupt. I would not recommend
|
|
bos@583
|
563 CVS for any project, existing or new.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
564
|
|
bos@584
|
565 <para id="x_b8">Mercurial can import CVS revision history. However, there
|
|
bos@583
|
566 are a few caveats that apply; these are true of every other
|
|
bos@583
|
567 revision control tool's CVS importer, too. Due to CVS's lack
|
|
bos@583
|
568 of atomic changes and unversioned filesystem hierarchy, it is
|
|
bos@583
|
569 not possible to reconstruct CVS history completely accurately;
|
|
bos@583
|
570 some guesswork is involved, and renames will usually not show
|
|
bos@583
|
571 up. Because a lot of advanced CVS administration has to be
|
|
bos@583
|
572 done by hand and is hence error-prone, it's common for CVS
|
|
bos@583
|
573 importers to run into multiple problems with corrupted
|
|
bos@583
|
574 repositories (completely bogus revision timestamps and files
|
|
bos@583
|
575 that have remained locked for over a decade are just two of
|
|
bos@583
|
576 the less interesting problems I can recall from personal
|
|
bos@583
|
577 experience).</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
578
|
|
bos@584
|
579 <para id="x_b9">Mercurial can import revision history from a CVS
|
|
bos@583
|
580 repository.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
581
|
|
bos@583
|
582
|
|
bos@583
|
583 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
584 <sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
585 <title>Commercial tools</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
586
|
|
bos@584
|
587 <para id="x_ba">Perforce has a centralised client/server architecture,
|
|
bos@583
|
588 with no client-side caching of any data. Unlike modern
|
|
bos@583
|
589 revision control tools, Perforce requires that a user run a
|
|
bos@583
|
590 command to inform the server about every file they intend to
|
|
bos@583
|
591 edit.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
592
|
|
bos@584
|
593 <para id="x_bb">The performance of Perforce is quite good for small teams,
|
|
bos@583
|
594 but it falls off rapidly as the number of users grows beyond a
|
|
bos@583
|
595 few dozen. Modestly large Perforce installations require the
|
|
bos@583
|
596 deployment of proxies to cope with the load their users
|
|
bos@583
|
597 generate.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
598
|
|
bos@583
|
599
|
|
bos@583
|
600 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
601 <sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
602 <title>Choosing a revision control tool</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
603
|
|
bos@584
|
604 <para id="x_bc">With the exception of CVS, all of the tools listed above
|
|
bos@583
|
605 have unique strengths that suit them to particular styles of
|
|
bos@583
|
606 work. There is no single revision control tool that is best
|
|
bos@583
|
607 in all situations.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
608
|
|
bos@584
|
609 <para id="x_bd">As an example, Subversion is a good choice for working
|
|
bos@583
|
610 with frequently edited binary files, due to its centralised
|
|
bos@583
|
611 nature and support for file locking.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
612
|
|
bos@584
|
613 <para id="x_be">I personally find Mercurial's properties of simplicity,
|
|
bos@583
|
614 performance, and good merge support to be a compelling
|
|
bos@583
|
615 combination that has served me well for several years.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
616
|
|
bos@583
|
617
|
|
bos@583
|
618 </sect2>
|
|
bos@583
|
619 </sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
620 <sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
621 <title>Switching from another tool to Mercurial</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
622
|
|
bos@584
|
623 <para id="x_bf">Mercurial is bundled with an extension named <literal
|
|
bos@583
|
624 role="hg-ext">convert</literal>, which can incrementally
|
|
bos@583
|
625 import revision history from several other revision control
|
|
bos@583
|
626 tools. By <quote>incremental</quote>, I mean that you can
|
|
bos@583
|
627 convert all of a project's history to date in one go, then rerun
|
|
bos@583
|
628 the conversion later to obtain new changes that happened after
|
|
bos@583
|
629 the initial conversion.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
630
|
|
bos@584
|
631 <para id="x_c0">The revision control tools supported by <literal
|
|
bos@583
|
632 role="hg-ext">convert</literal> are as follows:</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
633 <itemizedlist>
|
|
bos@584
|
634 <listitem><para id="x_c1">Subversion</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
635 <listitem><para id="x_c2">CVS</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
636 <listitem><para id="x_c3">Git</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@584
|
637 <listitem><para id="x_c4">Darcs</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
|
|
bos@584
|
638
|
|
bos@584
|
639 <para id="x_c5">In addition, <literal role="hg-ext">convert</literal> can
|
|
bos@583
|
640 export changes from Mercurial to Subversion. This makes it
|
|
bos@583
|
641 possible to try Subversion and Mercurial in parallel before
|
|
bos@583
|
642 committing to a switchover, without risking the loss of any
|
|
bos@583
|
643 work.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
644
|
|
bos@584
|
645 <para id="x_c6">The <command role="hg-ext-convert">convert</command> command
|
|
bos@583
|
646 is easy to use. Simply point it at the path or URL of the
|
|
bos@583
|
647 source repository, optionally give it the name of the
|
|
bos@583
|
648 destination repository, and it will start working. After the
|
|
bos@583
|
649 initial conversion, just run the same command again to import
|
|
bos@583
|
650 new changes.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
651 </sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
652
|
|
bos@583
|
653 <sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
654 <title>A short history of revision control</title>
|
|
bos@583
|
655
|
|
bos@584
|
656 <para id="x_c7">The best known of the old-time revision control tools is
|
|
bos@583
|
657 SCCS (Source Code Control System), which Marc Rochkind wrote at
|
|
bos@583
|
658 Bell Labs, in the early 1970s. SCCS operated on individual
|
|
bos@583
|
659 files, and required every person working on a project to have
|
|
bos@583
|
660 access to a shared workspace on a single system. Only one
|
|
bos@583
|
661 person could modify a file at any time; arbitration for access
|
|
bos@583
|
662 to files was via locks. It was common for people to lock files,
|
|
bos@583
|
663 and later forget to unlock them, preventing anyone else from
|
|
bos@583
|
664 modifying those files without the help of an
|
|
bos@583
|
665 administrator.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
666
|
|
bos@584
|
667 <para id="x_c8">Walter Tichy developed a free alternative to SCCS in the
|
|
bos@583
|
668 early 1980s; he called his program RCS (Revision Control System).
|
|
bos@583
|
669 Like SCCS, RCS required developers to work in a single shared
|
|
bos@583
|
670 workspace, and to lock files to prevent multiple people from
|
|
bos@583
|
671 modifying them simultaneously.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
672
|
|
bos@584
|
673 <para id="x_c9">Later in the 1980s, Dick Grune used RCS as a building block
|
|
bos@583
|
674 for a set of shell scripts he initially called cmt, but then
|
|
bos@583
|
675 renamed to CVS (Concurrent Versions System). The big innovation
|
|
bos@583
|
676 of CVS was that it let developers work simultaneously and
|
|
bos@583
|
677 somewhat independently in their own personal workspaces. The
|
|
bos@583
|
678 personal workspaces prevented developers from stepping on each
|
|
bos@583
|
679 other's toes all the time, as was common with SCCS and RCS. Each
|
|
bos@583
|
680 developer had a copy of every project file, and could modify
|
|
bos@583
|
681 their copies independently. They had to merge their edits prior
|
|
bos@583
|
682 to committing changes to the central repository.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
683
|
|
bos@584
|
684 <para id="x_ca">Brian Berliner took Grune's original scripts and rewrote
|
|
bos@583
|
685 them in C, releasing in 1989 the code that has since developed
|
|
bos@583
|
686 into the modern version of CVS. CVS subsequently acquired the
|
|
bos@583
|
687 ability to operate over a network connection, giving it a
|
|
bos@583
|
688 client/server architecture. CVS's architecture is centralised;
|
|
bos@583
|
689 only the server has a copy of the history of the project. Client
|
|
bos@583
|
690 workspaces just contain copies of recent versions of the
|
|
bos@583
|
691 project's files, and a little metadata to tell them where the
|
|
bos@583
|
692 server is. CVS has been enormously successful; it is probably
|
|
bos@583
|
693 the world's most widely used revision control system.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
694
|
|
bos@584
|
695 <para id="x_cb">In the early 1990s, Sun Microsystems developed an early
|
|
bos@583
|
696 distributed revision control system, called TeamWare. A
|
|
bos@583
|
697 TeamWare workspace contains a complete copy of the project's
|
|
bos@583
|
698 history. TeamWare has no notion of a central repository. (CVS
|
|
bos@583
|
699 relied upon RCS for its history storage; TeamWare used
|
|
bos@583
|
700 SCCS.)</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
701
|
|
bos@584
|
702 <para id="x_cc">As the 1990s progressed, awareness grew of a number of
|
|
bos@583
|
703 problems with CVS. It records simultaneous changes to multiple
|
|
bos@583
|
704 files individually, instead of grouping them together as a
|
|
bos@583
|
705 single logically atomic operation. It does not manage its file
|
|
bos@583
|
706 hierarchy well; it is easy to make a mess of a repository by
|
|
bos@583
|
707 renaming files and directories. Worse, its source code is
|
|
bos@583
|
708 difficult to read and maintain, which made the <quote>pain
|
|
bos@583
|
709 level</quote> of fixing these architectural problems
|
|
bos@583
|
710 prohibitive.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
711
|
|
bos@584
|
712 <para id="x_cd">In 2001, Jim Blandy and Karl Fogel, two developers who had
|
|
bos@583
|
713 worked on CVS, started a project to replace it with a tool that
|
|
bos@583
|
714 would have a better architecture and cleaner code. The result,
|
|
bos@583
|
715 Subversion, does not stray from CVS's centralised client/server
|
|
bos@583
|
716 model, but it adds multi-file atomic commits, better namespace
|
|
bos@583
|
717 management, and a number of other features that make it a
|
|
bos@583
|
718 generally better tool than CVS. Since its initial release, it
|
|
bos@583
|
719 has rapidly grown in popularity.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
720
|
|
bos@584
|
721 <para id="x_ce">More or less simultaneously, Graydon Hoare began working on
|
|
bos@583
|
722 an ambitious distributed revision control system that he named
|
|
bos@583
|
723 Monotone. While Monotone addresses many of CVS's design flaws
|
|
bos@583
|
724 and has a peer-to-peer architecture, it goes beyond earlier (and
|
|
bos@583
|
725 subsequent) revision control tools in a number of innovative
|
|
bos@583
|
726 ways. It uses cryptographic hashes as identifiers, and has an
|
|
bos@583
|
727 integral notion of <quote>trust</quote> for code from different
|
|
bos@583
|
728 sources.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
729
|
|
bos@584
|
730 <para id="x_cf">Mercurial began life in 2005. While a few aspects of its
|
|
bos@583
|
731 design are influenced by Monotone, Mercurial focuses on ease of
|
|
bos@583
|
732 use, high performance, and scalability to very large
|
|
bos@583
|
733 projects.</para>
|
|
bos@583
|
734
|
|
bos@583
|
735 </sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
736
|
|
bos@583
|
737 <sect1>
|
|
bos@583
|
738 <title>Colophon&emdash;this book is Free</title>
|
|
bos@26
|
739
|
|
bos@584
|
740 <para id="x_d0">This book is licensed under the Open Publication License,
|
|
bos@559
|
741 and is produced entirely using Free Software tools. It is
|
|
bos@580
|
742 typeset with DocBook XML. Illustrations are drawn and rendered with
|
|
bos@559
|
743 <ulink url="http://www.inkscape.org/">Inkscape</ulink>.</para>
|
|
bos@26
|
744
|
|
bos@584
|
745 <para id="x_d1">The complete source code for this book is published as a
|
|
bos@559
|
746 Mercurial repository, at <ulink
|
|
bos@559
|
747 url="http://hg.serpentine.com/mercurial/book">http://hg.serpentine.com/mercurial/book</ulink>.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
748
|
|
bos@559
|
749 </sect1>
|
|
bos@559
|
750 </preface>
|
|
bos@559
|
751 <!--
|
|
bos@559
|
752 local variables:
|
|
bos@559
|
753 sgml-parent-document: ("00book.xml" "book" "preface")
|
|
bos@559
|
754 end:
|
|
bos@559
|
755 -->
|
