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1 <!-- vim: set filetype=docbkxml shiftwidth=2 autoindent expandtab tw=77 : -->
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2
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3 <chapter id="chap:tour-basic">
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4 <title>A tour of Mercurial: the basics</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="sec:tour:install">
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7 <title>Installing Mercurial on your system</title>
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8
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9 <para>Prebuilt binary packages of Mercurial are available for
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10 every popular operating system. These make it easy to start
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11 using Mercurial on your computer immediately.</para>
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12
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13 <sect2>
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14 <title>Linux</title>
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15
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16 <para>Because each Linux distribution has its own packaging
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17 tools, policies, and rate of development, it's difficult to
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18 give a comprehensive set of instructions on how to install
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19 Mercurial binaries. The version of Mercurial that you will
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20 end up with can vary depending on how active the person is who
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21 maintains the package for your distribution.</para>
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22
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23 <para>To keep things simple, I will focus on installing
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24 Mercurial from the command line under the most popular Linux
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25 distributions. Most of these distributions provide graphical
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26 package managers that will let you install Mercurial with a
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27 single click; the package name to look for is
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28 <literal>mercurial</literal>.</para>
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29
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30 <itemizedlist>
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31 <listitem><para>Debian:</para>
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32 <programlisting>apt-get install
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33 mercurial</programlisting></listitem>
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34 <listitem><para>Fedora Core:</para>
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35 <programlisting>yum install
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36 mercurial</programlisting></listitem>
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37 <listitem><para>Gentoo:</para>
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38 <programlisting>emerge mercurial</programlisting></listitem>
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39 <listitem><para>OpenSUSE:</para>
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40 <programlisting>yum install
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41 mercurial</programlisting></listitem>
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42 <listitem><para>Ubuntu: Ubuntu's Mercurial package is based on
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43 Debian's. To install it, run the following
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44 command.</para>
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45 <programlisting>apt-get install
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46 mercurial</programlisting></listitem>
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47 </itemizedlist>
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48
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49 </sect2>
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50 <sect2>
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51 <title>Solaris</title>
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52
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53 <para>SunFreeWare, at <ulink
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54 url="http://www.sunfreeware.com">http://www.sunfreeware.com</ulink>,
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55 is a good source for a large number of pre-built Solaris
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56 packages for 32 and 64 bit Intel and Sparc architectures,
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57 including current versions of Mercurial.</para>
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58
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59 </sect2>
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60 <sect2>
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61 <title>Mac OS X</title>
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62
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63 <para>Lee Cantey publishes an installer of Mercurial for Mac OS
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64 X at <ulink
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65 url="http://mercurial.berkwood.com">http://mercurial.berkwood.com</ulink>.
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66 This package works on both Intel- and Power-based Macs. Before
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67 you can use it, you must install a compatible version of
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68 Universal MacPython <citation>web:macpython</citation>. This
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69 is easy to do; simply follow the instructions on Lee's
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70 site.</para>
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71
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72 <para>It's also possible to install Mercurial using Fink or
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73 MacPorts, two popular free package managers for Mac OS X. If
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74 you have Fink, use <command>sudo apt-get install
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75 mercurial-py25</command>. If MacPorts, <command>sudo port
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76 install mercurial</command>.</para>
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77
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78 </sect2>
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79 <sect2>
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80 <title>Windows</title>
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81
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82 <para>Lee Cantey publishes an installer of Mercurial for Windows
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83 at <ulink
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84 url="http://mercurial.berkwood.com">http://mercurial.berkwood.com</ulink>.
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85 This package has no external dependencies; it <quote>just
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86 works</quote>.</para>
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87
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88 <note>
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89 <para> The Windows version of Mercurial does not
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90 automatically convert line endings between Windows and Unix
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91 styles. If you want to share work with Unix users, you must
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92 do a little additional configuration work. XXX Flesh this
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93 out.</para>
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94 </note>
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95
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96 </sect2>
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97 </sect1>
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98 <sect1>
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99 <title>Getting started</title>
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100
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101 <para>To begin, we'll use the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
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102 version</command> command to find out whether Mercurial is
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103 actually installed properly. The actual version information
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104 that it prints isn't so important; it's whether it prints
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105 anything at all that we care about.</para>
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106
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107 <!-- &interaction.tour.version; -->
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108
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109 <sect2>
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110 <title>Built-in help</title>
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111
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112 <para>Mercurial provides a built-in help system. This is
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113 invaluable for those times when you find yourself stuck
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114 trying to remember how to run a command. If you are
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115 completely stuck, simply run <command role="hg-cmd">hg
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116 help</command>; it will print a brief list of commands,
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117 along with a description of what each does. If you ask for
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118 help on a specific command (as below), it prints more
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119 detailed information.</para>
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120
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121 <!-- &interaction.tour.help; -->
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122
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123 <para>For a more impressive level of detail (which you won't
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124 usually need) run <command role="hg-cmd">hg help <option
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125 role="hg-opt-global">-v</option></command>. The <option
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126 role="hg-opt-global">-v</option> option is short for
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127 <option role="hg-opt-global">--verbose</option>, and tells
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128 Mercurial to print more information than it usually
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129 would.</para>
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130
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131 </sect2>
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132 </sect1>
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133 <sect1>
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134 <title>Working with a repository</title>
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135
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136 <para>In Mercurial, everything happens inside a
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137 <emphasis>repository</emphasis>. The repository for a project
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138 contains all of the files that <quote>belong to</quote> that
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139 project, along with a historical record of the project's
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140 files.</para>
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141
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142 <para>There's nothing particularly magical about a repository; it
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143 is simply a directory tree in your filesystem that Mercurial
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144 treats as special. You can rename or delete a repository any
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145 time you like, using either the command line or your file
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146 browser.</para>
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147
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148 <sect2>
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149 <title>Making a local copy of a repository</title>
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150
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151 <para><emphasis>Copying</emphasis> a repository is just a little
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152 bit special. While you could use a normal file copying
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153 command to make a copy of a repository, it's best to use a
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154 built-in command that Mercurial provides. This command is
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155 called <command role="hg-cmd">hg clone</command>, because it
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156 creates an identical copy of an existing repository.</para>
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157
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158 <!-- &interaction.tour.clone; -->
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159
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160 <para>If our clone succeeded, we should now have a local
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161 directory called <filename class="directory">hello</filename>.
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162 This directory will contain some files.</para>
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163
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164 <!-- &interaction.tour.ls; -->
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165
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166 <para>These files have the same contents and history in our
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167 repository as they do in the repository we cloned.</para>
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168
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169 <para>Every Mercurial repository is complete, self-contained,
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170 and independent. It contains its own private copy of a
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171 project's files and history. A cloned repository remembers
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172 the location of the repository it was cloned from, but it does
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173 not communicate with that repository, or any other, unless you
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174 tell it to.</para>
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175
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176 <para>What this means for now is that we're free to experiment
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177 with our repository, safe in the knowledge that it's a private
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178 <quote>sandbox</quote> that won't affect anyone else.</para>
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179
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180 </sect2>
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181 <sect2>
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182 <title>What's in a repository?</title>
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183
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184 <para>When we take a more detailed look inside a repository, we
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185 can see that it contains a directory named <filename
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186 class="directory">.hg</filename>. This is where Mercurial
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187 keeps all of its metadata for the repository.</para>
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188
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189 <!-- &interaction.tour.ls-a; -->
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190
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191 <para>The contents of the <filename
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192 class="directory">.hg</filename> directory and its
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193 subdirectories are private to Mercurial. Every other file and
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194 directory in the repository is yours to do with as you
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195 please.</para>
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196
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197 <para>To introduce a little terminology, the <filename
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198 class="directory">.hg</filename> directory is the
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199 <quote>real</quote> repository, and all of the files and
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200 directories that coexist with it are said to live in the
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201 <emphasis>working directory</emphasis>. An easy way to
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202 remember the distinction is that the
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203 <emphasis>repository</emphasis> contains the
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204 <emphasis>history</emphasis> of your project, while the
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205 <emphasis>working directory</emphasis> contains a
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206 <emphasis>snapshot</emphasis> of your project at a particular
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207 point in history.</para>
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208
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209 </sect2>
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210 </sect1>
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211 <sect1>
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212 <title>A tour through history</title>
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213
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214 <para>One of the first things we might want to do with a new,
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215 unfamiliar repository is understand its history. The <command
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216 role="hg-cmd">hg log</command> command gives us a view of
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217 history.</para>
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218
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219 <!-- &interaction.tour.log; -->
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220
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221 <para>By default, this command prints a brief paragraph of output
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222 for each change to the project that was recorded. In Mercurial
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223 terminology, we call each of these recorded events a
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224 <emphasis>changeset</emphasis>, because it can contain a record
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225 of changes to several files.</para>
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226
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227 <para>The fields in a record of output from <command
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228 role="hg-cmd">hg log</command> are as follows.</para>
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229 <itemizedlist>
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230 <listitem><para><literal>changeset</literal>: This field has the
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231 format of a number, followed by a colon, followed by a
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232 hexadecimal string. These are
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233 <emphasis>identifiers</emphasis> for the changeset. There
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234 are two identifiers because the number is shorter and easier
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235 to type than the hex string.</para></listitem>
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236 <listitem><para><literal>user</literal>: The identity of the
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237 person who created the changeset. This is a free-form
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238 field, but it most often contains a person's name and email
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239 address.</para></listitem>
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240 <listitem><para><literal>date</literal>: The date and time on
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241 which the changeset was created, and the timezone in which
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242 it was created. (The date and time are local to that
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243 timezone; they display what time and date it was for the
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244 person who created the changeset.)</para></listitem>
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245 <listitem><para><literal>summary</literal>: The first line of
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246 the text message that the creator of the changeset entered
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247 to describe the changeset.</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
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248 <para>The default output printed by <command role="hg-cmd">hg
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249 log</command> is purely a summary; it is missing a lot of
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250 detail.</para>
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251
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252 <para>Figure <xref linkend="fig:tour-basic:history"/> provides a
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253 graphical representation of the history of the <filename
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254 class="directory">hello</filename> repository, to make it a
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255 little easier to see which direction history is
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256 <quote>flowing</quote> in. We'll be returning to this figure
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257 several times in this chapter and the chapter that
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258 follows.</para>
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259
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260 <informalfigure id="fig:tour-basic:history">
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261 <mediaobject>
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262 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="tour-history"/></imageobject>
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263 <textobject><phrase>XXX add text</phrase></textobject>
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264 <caption><para>Graphical history of the <filename
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265 class="directory">hello</filename>
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266 repository</para></caption>
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267 </mediaobject>
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268 </informalfigure>
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269
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270 <sect2>
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271 <title>Changesets, revisions, and talking to other
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272 people</title>
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273
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274 <para>As English is a notoriously sloppy language, and computer
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275 science has a hallowed history of terminological confusion
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276 (why use one term when four will do?), revision control has a
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277 variety of words and phrases that mean the same thing. If you
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278 are talking about Mercurial history with other people, you
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279 will find that the word <quote>changeset</quote> is often
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280 compressed to <quote>change</quote> or (when written)
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281 <quote>cset</quote>, and sometimes a changeset is referred to
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282 as a <quote>revision</quote> or a <quote>rev</quote>.</para>
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283
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284 <para>While it doesn't matter what <emphasis>word</emphasis> you
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285 use to refer to the concept of <quote>a changeset</quote>, the
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286 <emphasis>identifier</emphasis> that you use to refer to
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287 <quote>a <emphasis>specific</emphasis> changeset</quote> is of
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288 great importance. Recall that the <literal>changeset</literal>
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289 field in the output from <command role="hg-cmd">hg
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290 log</command> identifies a changeset using both a number and
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291 a hexadecimal string.</para>
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292 <itemizedlist>
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293 <listitem><para>The revision number is <emphasis>only valid in
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294 that repository</emphasis>,</para></listitem>
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295 <listitem><para>while the hex string is the
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296 <emphasis>permanent, unchanging identifier</emphasis> that
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297 will always identify that exact changeset in
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298 <emphasis>every</emphasis> copy of the
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299 repository.</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
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300 <para>This distinction is important. If you send someone an
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301 email talking about <quote>revision 33</quote>, there's a high
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302 likelihood that their revision 33 will <emphasis>not be the
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303 same</emphasis> as yours. The reason for this is that a
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304 revision number depends on the order in which changes arrived
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305 in a repository, and there is no guarantee that the same
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306 changes will happen in the same order in different
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307 repositories. Three changes $a,b,c$ can easily appear in one
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308 repository as $0,1,2$, while in another as $1,0,2$.</para>
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309
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310 <para>Mercurial uses revision numbers purely as a convenient
|
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311 shorthand. If you need to discuss a changeset with someone,
|
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312 or make a record of a changeset for some other reason (for
|
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313 example, in a bug report), use the hexadecimal
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314 identifier.</para>
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315
|
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316 </sect2>
|
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317 <sect2>
|
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318 <title>Viewing specific revisions</title>
|
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319
|
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320 <para>To narrow the output of <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
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321 log</command> down to a single revision, use the <option
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322 role="hg-opt-log">-r</option> (or <option
|
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323 role="hg-opt-log">--rev</option>) option. You can use
|
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|
324 either a revision number or a long-form changeset identifier,
|
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|
325 and you can provide as many revisions as you want.</para>
|
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326
|
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bos@559
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327 <!-- &interaction.tour.log-r; -->
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328
|
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329 <para>If you want to see the history of several revisions
|
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330 without having to list each one, you can use <emphasis>range
|
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331 notation</emphasis>; this lets you express the idea <quote>I
|
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332 want all revisions between <literal>abc</literal> and
|
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333 <literal>def</literal>, inclusive</quote>.</para>
|
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334
|
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bos@559
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335 <!-- &interaction.tour.log.range; -->
|
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336
|
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337 <para>Mercurial also honours the order in which you specify
|
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|
338 revisions, so <command role="hg-cmd">hg log -r 2:4</command>
|
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339 prints 2, 3, and 4. while <command role="hg-cmd">hg log -r
|
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340 4:2</command> prints 4, 3, and 2.</para>
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341
|
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bos@553
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342 </sect2>
|
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bos@553
|
343 <sect2>
|
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344 <title>More detailed information</title>
|
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345
|
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346 <para>While the summary information printed by <command
|
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347 role="hg-cmd">hg log</command> is useful if you already know
|
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348 what you're looking for, you may need to see a complete
|
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349 description of the change, or a list of the files changed, if
|
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350 you're trying to decide whether a changeset is the one you're
|
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|
351 looking for. The <command role="hg-cmd">hg log</command>
|
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352 command's <option role="hg-opt-global">-v</option> (or <option
|
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353 role="hg-opt-global">--verbose</option>) option gives you
|
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|
354 this extra detail.</para>
|
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355
|
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bos@559
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356 <!-- &interaction.tour.log-v; -->
|
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357
|
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358 <para>If you want to see both the description and content of a
|
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|
359 change, add the <option role="hg-opt-log">-p</option> (or
|
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|
360 <option role="hg-opt-log">--patch</option>) option. This
|
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361 displays the content of a change as a <emphasis>unified
|
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|
362 diff</emphasis> (if you've never seen a unified diff before,
|
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|
363 see section <xref linkend="sec:mq:patch"/> for an
|
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|
364 overview).</para>
|
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|
365
|
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bos@559
|
366 <!-- &interaction.tour.log-vp; -->
|
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|
367
|
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bos@553
|
368 </sect2>
|
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bos@553
|
369 </sect1>
|
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bos@553
|
370 <sect1>
|
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|
371 <title>All about command options</title>
|
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|
372
|
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|
373 <para>Let's take a brief break from exploring Mercurial commands
|
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|
374 to discuss a pattern in the way that they work; you may find
|
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|
375 this useful to keep in mind as we continue our tour.</para>
|
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|
376
|
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|
377 <para>Mercurial has a consistent and straightforward approach to
|
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|
378 dealing with the options that you can pass to commands. It
|
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|
379 follows the conventions for options that are common to modern
|
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|
380 Linux and Unix systems.</para>
|
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|
381 <itemizedlist>
|
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|
382 <listitem><para>Every option has a long name. For example, as
|
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|
383 we've already seen, the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
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|
384 log</command> command accepts a <option
|
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|
385 role="hg-opt-log">--rev</option> option.</para></listitem>
|
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bos@553
|
386 <listitem><para>Most options have short names, too. Instead of
|
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|
387 <option role="hg-opt-log">--rev</option>, we can use <option
|
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|
388 role="hg-opt-log">-r</option>. (The reason that some
|
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|
389 options don't have short names is that the options in
|
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|
390 question are rarely used.)</para></listitem>
|
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bos@553
|
391 <listitem><para>Long options start with two dashes (e.g. <option
|
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|
392 role="hg-opt-log">--rev</option>), while short options
|
|
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|
393 start with one (e.g. <option
|
|
bos@553
|
394 role="hg-opt-log">-r</option>).</para></listitem>
|
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bos@553
|
395 <listitem><para>Option naming and usage is consistent across
|
|
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|
396 commands. For example, every command that lets you specify
|
|
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|
397 a changeset ID or revision number accepts both <option
|
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|
398 role="hg-opt-log">-r</option> and <option
|
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bos@553
|
399 role="hg-opt-log">--rev</option>
|
|
bos@553
|
400 arguments.</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
|
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bos@553
|
401 <para>In the examples throughout this book, I use short options
|
|
bos@553
|
402 instead of long. This just reflects my own preference, so don't
|
|
bos@553
|
403 read anything significant into it.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
404
|
|
bos@553
|
405 <para>Most commands that print output of some kind will print more
|
|
bos@553
|
406 output when passed a <option role="hg-opt-global">-v</option>
|
|
bos@553
|
407 (or <option role="hg-opt-global">--verbose</option>) option, and
|
|
bos@553
|
408 less when passed <option role="hg-opt-global">-q</option> (or
|
|
bos@553
|
409 <option role="hg-opt-global">--quiet</option>).</para>
|
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bos@553
|
410
|
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bos@553
|
411 </sect1>
|
|
bos@553
|
412 <sect1>
|
|
bos@553
|
413 <title>Making and reviewing changes</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
414
|
|
bos@553
|
415 <para>Now that we have a grasp of viewing history in Mercurial,
|
|
bos@553
|
416 let's take a look at making some changes and examining
|
|
bos@553
|
417 them.</para>
|
|
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|
418
|
|
bos@553
|
419 <para>The first thing we'll do is isolate our experiment in a
|
|
bos@553
|
420 repository of its own. We use the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
421 clone</command> command, but we don't need to clone a copy of
|
|
bos@553
|
422 the remote repository. Since we already have a copy of it
|
|
bos@553
|
423 locally, we can just clone that instead. This is much faster
|
|
bos@553
|
424 than cloning over the network, and cloning a local repository
|
|
bos@559
|
425 uses less disk space in most cases, too.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
426
|
|
bos@559
|
427 <!-- &interaction.tour.reclone; -->
|
|
bos@559
|
428
|
|
bos@559
|
429 <para>As an aside, it's often good practice to keep a
|
|
bos@559
|
430 <quote>pristine</quote> copy of a remote repository around,
|
|
bos@559
|
431 which you can then make temporary clones of to create sandboxes
|
|
bos@559
|
432 for each task you want to work on. This lets you work on
|
|
bos@559
|
433 multiple tasks in parallel, each isolated from the others until
|
|
bos@559
|
434 it's complete and you're ready to integrate it back. Because
|
|
bos@559
|
435 local clones are so cheap, there's almost no overhead to cloning
|
|
bos@559
|
436 and destroying repositories whenever you want.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
437
|
|
bos@553
|
438 <para>In our <filename class="directory">my-hello</filename>
|
|
bos@553
|
439 repository, we have a file <filename>hello.c</filename> that
|
|
bos@553
|
440 contains the classic <quote>hello, world</quote> program. Let's
|
|
bos@553
|
441 use the ancient and venerable <command>sed</command> command to
|
|
bos@553
|
442 edit this file so that it prints a second line of output. (I'm
|
|
bos@553
|
443 only using <command>sed</command> to do this because it's easy
|
|
bos@553
|
444 to write a scripted example this way. Since you're not under
|
|
bos@553
|
445 the same constraint, you probably won't want to use
|
|
bos@553
|
446 <command>sed</command>; simply use your preferred text editor to
|
|
bos@559
|
447 do the same thing.)</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
448
|
|
bos@559
|
449 <!-- &interaction.tour.sed; -->
|
|
bos@553
|
450
|
|
bos@553
|
451 <para>Mercurial's <command role="hg-cmd">hg status</command>
|
|
bos@553
|
452 command will tell us what Mercurial knows about the files in the
|
|
bos@559
|
453 repository.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
454
|
|
bos@559
|
455 <!-- &interaction.tour.status; -->
|
|
bos@559
|
456
|
|
bos@559
|
457 <para>The <command role="hg-cmd">hg status</command> command
|
|
bos@559
|
458 prints no output for some files, but a line starting with
|
|
bos@553
|
459 <quote><literal>M</literal></quote> for
|
|
bos@553
|
460 <filename>hello.c</filename>. Unless you tell it to, <command
|
|
bos@553
|
461 role="hg-cmd">hg status</command> will not print any output
|
|
bos@553
|
462 for files that have not been modified.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
463
|
|
bos@553
|
464 <para>The <quote><literal>M</literal></quote> indicates that
|
|
bos@553
|
465 Mercurial has noticed that we modified
|
|
bos@553
|
466 <filename>hello.c</filename>. We didn't need to
|
|
bos@553
|
467 <emphasis>inform</emphasis> Mercurial that we were going to
|
|
bos@553
|
468 modify the file before we started, or that we had modified the
|
|
bos@553
|
469 file after we were done; it was able to figure this out
|
|
bos@553
|
470 itself.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
471
|
|
bos@553
|
472 <para>It's a little bit helpful to know that we've modified
|
|
bos@553
|
473 <filename>hello.c</filename>, but we might prefer to know
|
|
bos@553
|
474 exactly <emphasis>what</emphasis> changes we've made to it. To
|
|
bos@553
|
475 do this, we use the <command role="hg-cmd">hg diff</command>
|
|
bos@559
|
476 command.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
477
|
|
bos@559
|
478 <!-- &interaction.tour.diff; -->
|
|
bos@553
|
479
|
|
bos@553
|
480 </sect1>
|
|
bos@553
|
481 <sect1>
|
|
bos@553
|
482 <title>Recording changes in a new changeset</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
483
|
|
bos@553
|
484 <para>We can modify files, build and test our changes, and use
|
|
bos@553
|
485 <command role="hg-cmd">hg status</command> and <command
|
|
bos@553
|
486 role="hg-cmd">hg diff</command> to review our changes, until
|
|
bos@553
|
487 we're satisfied with what we've done and arrive at a natural
|
|
bos@553
|
488 stopping point where we want to record our work in a new
|
|
bos@553
|
489 changeset.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
490
|
|
bos@553
|
491 <para>The <command role="hg-cmd">hg commit</command> command lets
|
|
bos@553
|
492 us create a new changeset; we'll usually refer to this as
|
|
bos@553
|
493 <quote>making a commit</quote> or
|
|
bos@553
|
494 <quote>committing</quote>.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
495
|
|
bos@553
|
496 <sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
497 <title>Setting up a username</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
498
|
|
bos@553
|
499 <para>When you try to run <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
500 commit</command> for the first time, it is not guaranteed to
|
|
bos@553
|
501 succeed. Mercurial records your name and address with each
|
|
bos@553
|
502 change that you commit, so that you and others will later be
|
|
bos@553
|
503 able to tell who made each change. Mercurial tries to
|
|
bos@553
|
504 automatically figure out a sensible username to commit the
|
|
bos@553
|
505 change with. It will attempt each of the following methods,
|
|
bos@553
|
506 in order:</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
507 <orderedlist>
|
|
bos@553
|
508 <listitem><para>If you specify a <option
|
|
bos@553
|
509 role="hg-opt-commit">-u</option> option to the <command
|
|
bos@553
|
510 role="hg-cmd">hg commit</command> command on the command
|
|
bos@553
|
511 line, followed by a username, this is always given the
|
|
bos@553
|
512 highest precedence.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@553
|
513 <listitem><para>If you have set the <envar>HGUSER</envar>
|
|
bos@553
|
514 environment variable, this is checked
|
|
bos@553
|
515 next.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@553
|
516 <listitem><para>If you create a file in your home directory
|
|
bos@553
|
517 called <filename role="special">.hgrc</filename>, with a
|
|
bos@553
|
518 <envar role="rc-item-ui">username</envar> entry, that will
|
|
bos@553
|
519 be used next. To see what the contents of this file
|
|
bos@553
|
520 should look like, refer to section <xref
|
|
bos@558
|
521 linkend="sec:tour-basic:username"/>
|
|
bos@553
|
522 below.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@553
|
523 <listitem><para>If you have set the <envar>EMAIL</envar>
|
|
bos@553
|
524 environment variable, this will be used
|
|
bos@553
|
525 next.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@553
|
526 <listitem><para>Mercurial will query your system to find out
|
|
bos@553
|
527 your local user name and host name, and construct a
|
|
bos@553
|
528 username from these components. Since this often results
|
|
bos@553
|
529 in a username that is not very useful, it will print a
|
|
bos@553
|
530 warning if it has to do
|
|
bos@558
|
531 this.</para></listitem>
|
|
bos@558
|
532 </orderedlist>
|
|
bos@558
|
533 <para>If all of these mechanisms fail, Mercurial will
|
|
bos@553
|
534 fail, printing an error message. In this case, it will not
|
|
bos@553
|
535 let you commit until you set up a
|
|
bos@558
|
536 username.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
537 <para>You should think of the <envar>HGUSER</envar> environment
|
|
bos@558
|
538 variable and the <option role="hg-opt-commit">-u</option>
|
|
bos@558
|
539 option to the <command role="hg-cmd">hg commit</command>
|
|
bos@558
|
540 command as ways to <emphasis>override</emphasis> Mercurial's
|
|
bos@558
|
541 default selection of username. For normal use, the simplest
|
|
bos@558
|
542 and most robust way to set a username for yourself is by
|
|
bos@558
|
543 creating a <filename role="special">.hgrc</filename> file; see
|
|
bos@558
|
544 below for details.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
545 <sect3 id="sec:tour-basic:username">
|
|
bos@553
|
546 <title>Creating a Mercurial configuration file</title>
|
|
bos@558
|
547
|
|
bos@558
|
548 <para>To set a user name, use your favourite editor
|
|
bos@553
|
549 to create a file called <filename
|
|
bos@553
|
550 role="special">.hgrc</filename> in your home directory.
|
|
bos@553
|
551 Mercurial will use this file to look up your personalised
|
|
bos@553
|
552 configuration settings. The initial contents of your
|
|
bos@553
|
553 <filename role="special">.hgrc</filename> should look like
|
|
bos@558
|
554 this.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
555 <programlisting># This is a Mercurial configuration file.
|
|
bos@558
|
556 [ui] username = Firstname Lastname
|
|
bos@558
|
557 <email.address@domain.net></programlisting>
|
|
bos@558
|
558
|
|
bos@558
|
559 <para>The <quote><literal>[ui]</literal></quote> line begins a
|
|
bos@558
|
560 <emphasis>section</emphasis> of the config file, so you can
|
|
bos@558
|
561 read the <quote><literal>username = ...</literal></quote>
|
|
bos@558
|
562 line as meaning <quote>set the value of the
|
|
bos@558
|
563 <literal>username</literal> item in the
|
|
bos@558
|
564 <literal>ui</literal> section</quote>. A section continues
|
|
bos@558
|
565 until a new section begins, or the end of the file.
|
|
bos@558
|
566 Mercurial ignores empty lines and treats any text from
|
|
bos@558
|
567 <quote><literal>#</literal></quote> to the end of a line as
|
|
bos@558
|
568 a comment.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
569 </sect3>
|
|
bos@558
|
570
|
|
bos@553
|
571 <sect3>
|
|
bos@553
|
572 <title>Choosing a user name</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
573
|
|
bos@558
|
574 <para>You can use any text you like as the value of
|
|
bos@553
|
575 the <literal>username</literal> config item, since this
|
|
bos@553
|
576 information is for reading by other people, but for
|
|
bos@553
|
577 interpreting by Mercurial. The convention that most
|
|
bos@553
|
578 people follow is to use their name and email address, as
|
|
bos@558
|
579 in the example above.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
580 <note>
|
|
bos@558
|
581 <para>Mercurial's built-in web server obfuscates
|
|
bos@553
|
582 email addresses, to make it more difficult for the email
|
|
bos@553
|
583 harvesting tools that spammers use. This reduces the
|
|
bos@553
|
584 likelihood that you'll start receiving more junk email
|
|
bos@553
|
585 if you publish a Mercurial repository on the
|
|
bos@558
|
586 web.</para></note>
|
|
bos@553
|
587
|
|
bos@553
|
588 </sect3>
|
|
bos@553
|
589 </sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
590 <sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
591 <title>Writing a commit message</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
592
|
|
bos@558
|
593 <para>When we commit a change, Mercurial drops us into
|
|
bos@553
|
594 a text editor, to enter a message that will describe the
|
|
bos@553
|
595 modifications we've made in this changeset. This is called
|
|
bos@553
|
596 the <emphasis>commit message</emphasis>. It will be a
|
|
bos@553
|
597 record for readers of what we did and why, and it will be
|
|
bos@553
|
598 printed by <command role="hg-cmd">hg log</command> after
|
|
bos@558
|
599 we've finished committing.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
600
|
|
bos@558
|
601 <!-- &interaction.tour.commit; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
602
|
|
bos@558
|
603 <para>The editor that the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
604 commit</command> command drops us into will contain an
|
|
bos@553
|
605 empty line, followed by a number of lines starting with
|
|
bos@558
|
606 <quote><literal>HG:</literal></quote>.</para>
|
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bos@558
|
607
|
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bos@558
|
608 <programlisting>XXX fix this XXX</programlisting>
|
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bos@558
|
609
|
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bos@558
|
610 <para>Mercurial ignores the lines that start with
|
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bos@553
|
611 <quote><literal>HG:</literal></quote>; it uses them only to
|
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bos@553
|
612 tell us which files it's recording changes to. Modifying or
|
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bos@558
|
613 deleting these lines has no effect.</para>
|
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bos@553
|
614 </sect2>
|
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bos@553
|
615 <sect2>
|
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bos@553
|
616 <title>Writing a good commit message</title>
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bos@553
|
617
|
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bos@558
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618 <para>Since <command role="hg-cmd">hg log</command>
|
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bos@553
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619 only prints the first line of a commit message by default,
|
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bos@553
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620 it's best to write a commit message whose first line stands
|
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bos@553
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621 alone. Here's a real example of a commit message that
|
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bos@553
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622 <emphasis>doesn't</emphasis> follow this guideline, and
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bos@553
|
623 hence has a summary that is not
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bos@558
|
624 readable.</para>
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bos@558
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625
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bos@558
|
626 <programlisting>
|
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bos@558
|
627 changeset: 73:584af0e231be
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bos@558
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628 user: Censored Person <censored.person@example.org>
|
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bos@558
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629 date: Tue Sep 26 21:37:07 2006 -0700
|
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bos@558
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630 summary: include buildmeister/commondefs. Add exports.</programlisting>
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bos@558
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631
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bos@558
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632 <para>As far as the remainder of the contents of the
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bos@553
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633 commit message are concerned, there are no hard-and-fast
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bos@553
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634 rules. Mercurial itself doesn't interpret or care about the
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bos@553
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635 contents of the commit message, though your project may have
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bos@553
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636 policies that dictate a certain kind of
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bos@558
|
637 formatting.</para>
|
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bos@558
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638 <para>My personal preference is for short, but
|
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bos@553
|
639 informative, commit messages that tell me something that I
|
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bos@553
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640 can't figure out with a quick glance at the output of
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bos@553
|
641 <command role="hg-cmd">hg log
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bos@558
|
642 --patch</command>.</para>
|
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bos@553
|
643 </sect2>
|
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bos@553
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644 <sect2>
|
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bos@553
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645 <title>Aborting a commit</title>
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bos@553
|
646
|
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bos@558
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647 <para>If you decide that you don't want to commit
|
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bos@553
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648 while in the middle of editing a commit message, simply exit
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bos@553
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649 from your editor without saving the file that it's editing.
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bos@553
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650 This will cause nothing to happen to either the repository
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bos@558
|
651 or the working directory.</para>
|
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bos@558
|
652 <para>If we run the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
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bos@553
|
653 commit</command> command without any arguments, it records
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bos@553
|
654 all of the changes we've made, as reported by <command
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bos@553
|
655 role="hg-cmd">hg status</command> and <command
|
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bos@558
|
656 role="hg-cmd">hg diff</command>.</para>
|
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bos@553
|
657 </sect2>
|
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bos@553
|
658 <sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
659 <title>Admiring our new handiwork</title>
|
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bos@553
|
660
|
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bos@558
|
661 <para>Once we've finished the commit, we can use the
|
|
bos@553
|
662 <command role="hg-cmd">hg tip</command> command to display
|
|
bos@553
|
663 the changeset we just created. This command produces output
|
|
bos@553
|
664 that is identical to <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
665 log</command>, but it only displays the newest revision in
|
|
bos@558
|
666 the repository.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
667
|
|
bos@558
|
668 <!-- &interaction.tour.tip; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
669
|
|
bos@558
|
670 <para>We refer to
|
|
bos@553
|
671 the newest revision in the repository as the tip revision,
|
|
bos@558
|
672 or simply the tip.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
673 </sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
674 </sect1>
|
|
bos@558
|
675
|
|
bos@553
|
676 <sect1>
|
|
bos@553
|
677 <title>Sharing changes</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
678
|
|
bos@558
|
679 <para>We mentioned earlier that repositories in
|
|
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|
680 Mercurial are self-contained. This means that the changeset
|
|
bos@553
|
681 we just created exists only in our <filename
|
|
bos@553
|
682 class="directory">my-hello</filename> repository. Let's
|
|
bos@553
|
683 look at a few ways that we can propagate this change into
|
|
bos@558
|
684 other repositories.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
685
|
|
bos@558
|
686 <sect2 id="sec:tour:pull">
|
|
bos@553
|
687 <title>Pulling changes from another repository</title>
|
|
bos@558
|
688 <para>To get started, let's clone our original
|
|
bos@553
|
689 <filename class="directory">hello</filename> repository,
|
|
bos@553
|
690 which does not contain the change we just committed. We'll
|
|
bos@553
|
691 call our temporary repository <filename
|
|
bos@558
|
692 class="directory">hello-pull</filename>.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
693
|
|
bos@558
|
694 <!-- &interaction.tour.clone-pull; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
695
|
|
bos@558
|
696 <para>We'll use the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
697 pull</command> command to bring changes from <filename
|
|
bos@553
|
698 class="directory">my-hello</filename> into <filename
|
|
bos@553
|
699 class="directory">hello-pull</filename>. However, blindly
|
|
bos@553
|
700 pulling unknown changes into a repository is a somewhat
|
|
bos@553
|
701 scary prospect. Mercurial provides the <command
|
|
bos@553
|
702 role="hg-cmd">hg incoming</command> command to tell us
|
|
bos@553
|
703 what changes the <command role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command>
|
|
bos@553
|
704 command <emphasis>would</emphasis> pull into the repository,
|
|
bos@558
|
705 without actually pulling the changes in.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
706
|
|
bos@558
|
707 <!-- &interaction.tour.incoming; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
708
|
|
bos@558
|
709 <para>(Of course, someone could
|
|
bos@553
|
710 cause more changesets to appear in the repository that we
|
|
bos@553
|
711 ran <command role="hg-cmd">hg incoming</command> in, before
|
|
bos@553
|
712 we get a chance to <command role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command>
|
|
bos@553
|
713 the changes, so that we could end up pulling changes that we
|
|
bos@558
|
714 didn't expect.)</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
715
|
|
bos@558
|
716 <para>Bringing changes into a repository is a simple
|
|
bos@553
|
717 matter of running the <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
718 pull</command> command, and telling it which repository to
|
|
bos@558
|
719 pull from.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
720
|
|
bos@558
|
721 <!-- &interaction.tour.pull; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
722
|
|
bos@558
|
723 <para>As you can see
|
|
bos@553
|
724 from the before-and-after output of <command
|
|
bos@553
|
725 role="hg-cmd">hg tip</command>, we have successfully
|
|
bos@553
|
726 pulled changes into our repository. There remains one step
|
|
bos@553
|
727 before we can see these changes in the working
|
|
bos@558
|
728 directory.</para>
|
|
bos@553
|
729 </sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
730 <sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
731 <title>Updating the working directory</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
732
|
|
bos@559
|
733 <para>We have so far glossed over the relationship between a
|
|
bos@559
|
734 repository and its working directory. The <command
|
|
bos@559
|
735 role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command> command that we ran in
|
|
bos@559
|
736 section <xref linkend="sec:tour:pull"/> brought changes
|
|
bos@559
|
737 into the repository, but if we check, there's no sign of those
|
|
bos@559
|
738 changes in the working directory. This is because <command
|
|
bos@559
|
739 role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command> does not (by default) touch
|
|
bos@559
|
740 the working directory. Instead, we use the <command
|
|
bos@559
|
741 role="hg-cmd">hg update</command> command to do this.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
742
|
|
bos@559
|
743 <!-- &interaction.tour.update; -->
|
|
bos@559
|
744
|
|
bos@559
|
745 <para>It might seem a bit strange that <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@559
|
746 pull</command> doesn't update the working directory
|
|
bos@559
|
747 automatically. There's actually a good reason for this: you
|
|
bos@559
|
748 can use <command role="hg-cmd">hg update</command> to update
|
|
bos@559
|
749 the working directory to the state it was in at <emphasis>any
|
|
bos@559
|
750 revision</emphasis> in the history of the repository. If
|
|
bos@559
|
751 you had the working directory updated to an old revision---to
|
|
bos@559
|
752 hunt down the origin of a bug, say---and ran a <command
|
|
bos@559
|
753 role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command> which automatically updated
|
|
bos@559
|
754 the working directory to a new revision, you might not be
|
|
bos@559
|
755 terribly happy.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
756 <para>However, since pull-then-update is such a common thing to
|
|
bos@559
|
757 do, Mercurial lets you combine the two by passing the <option
|
|
bos@559
|
758 role="hg-opt-pull">-u</option> option to <command
|
|
bos@559
|
759 role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command>.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
760
|
|
bos@558
|
761 <para>If you look back at the output of <command
|
|
bos@559
|
762 role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command> in section <xref
|
|
bos@558
|
763 linkend="sec:tour:pull"/> when we ran it without <option
|
|
bos@559
|
764 role="hg-opt-pull">-u</option>, you can see that it printed
|
|
bos@559
|
765 a helpful reminder that we'd have to take an explicit step to
|
|
bos@559
|
766 update the working directory:</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
767
|
|
bos@558
|
768 <!-- &interaction.xxx.fixme; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
769
|
|
bos@559
|
770 <para>To find out what revision the working directory is at, use
|
|
bos@559
|
771 the <command role="hg-cmd">hg parents</command>
|
|
bos@559
|
772 command.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
773
|
|
bos@558
|
774 <!-- &interaction.tour.parents; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
775
|
|
bos@559
|
776 <para>If you look back at figure <xref
|
|
bos@559
|
777 linkend="fig:tour-basic:history"/>,
|
|
bos@559
|
778 you'll see arrows connecting each changeset. The node that
|
|
bos@559
|
779 the arrow leads <emphasis>from</emphasis> in each case is a
|
|
bos@559
|
780 parent, and the node that the arrow leads
|
|
bos@559
|
781 <emphasis>to</emphasis> is its child. The working directory
|
|
bos@559
|
782 has a parent in just the same way; this is the changeset that
|
|
bos@559
|
783 the working directory currently contains.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
784
|
|
bos@559
|
785 <para>To update the working directory to a particular revision,
|
|
bos@559
|
786
|
|
bos@559
|
787 give a revision number or changeset ID to the <command
|
|
bos@559
|
788 role="hg-cmd">hg update</command> command.</para>
|
|
bos@559
|
789
|
|
bos@559
|
790 <!-- &interaction.tour.older; -->
|
|
bos@559
|
791
|
|
bos@559
|
792 <para>If you omit an explicit revision, <command
|
|
bos@559
|
793 role="hg-cmd">hg update</command> will update to the tip
|
|
bos@559
|
794 revision, as shown by the second call to <command
|
|
bos@559
|
795 role="hg-cmd">hg update</command> in the example
|
|
bos@559
|
796 above.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
797 </sect2>
|
|
bos@558
|
798
|
|
bos@553
|
799 <sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
800 <title>Pushing changes to another repository</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
801
|
|
bos@558
|
802 <para>Mercurial lets us push changes to another
|
|
bos@553
|
803 repository, from the repository we're currently visiting.
|
|
bos@553
|
804 As with the example of <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
805 pull</command> above, we'll create a temporary repository
|
|
bos@558
|
806 to push our changes into.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
807
|
|
bos@558
|
808 <!-- &interaction.tour.clone-push; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
809
|
|
bos@558
|
810 <para>The <command role="hg-cmd">hg outgoing</command> command
|
|
bos@553
|
811 tells us what changes would be pushed into another
|
|
bos@558
|
812 repository.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
813
|
|
bos@558
|
814 <!-- &interaction.tour.outgoing; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
815
|
|
bos@558
|
816 <para>And the
|
|
bos@553
|
817 <command role="hg-cmd">hg push</command> command does the
|
|
bos@558
|
818 actual push.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
819
|
|
bos@558
|
820 <!-- &interaction.tour.push; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
821
|
|
bos@558
|
822 <para>As with
|
|
bos@553
|
823 <command role="hg-cmd">hg pull</command>, the <command
|
|
bos@553
|
824 role="hg-cmd">hg push</command> command does not update
|
|
bos@553
|
825 the working directory in the repository that it's pushing
|
|
bos@553
|
826 changes into. (Unlike <command role="hg-cmd">hg
|
|
bos@553
|
827 pull</command>, <command role="hg-cmd">hg push</command>
|
|
bos@553
|
828 does not provide a <literal>-u</literal> option that updates
|
|
bos@558
|
829 the other repository's working directory.)</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
830
|
|
bos@558
|
831 <para>What happens if we try to pull or push changes
|
|
bos@553
|
832 and the receiving repository already has those changes?
|
|
bos@558
|
833 Nothing too exciting.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
834
|
|
bos@558
|
835 <!-- &interaction.tour.push.nothing; -->
|
|
bos@553
|
836 </sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
837 <sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
838 <title>Sharing changes over a network</title>
|
|
bos@553
|
839
|
|
bos@558
|
840 <para>The commands we have covered in the previous few
|
|
bos@553
|
841 sections are not limited to working with local repositories.
|
|
bos@553
|
842 Each works in exactly the same fashion over a network
|
|
bos@558
|
843 connection; simply pass in a URL instead of a local
|
|
bos@558
|
844 path.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
845
|
|
bos@558
|
846 <!-- &interaction.tour.outgoing.net; -->
|
|
bos@558
|
847
|
|
bos@558
|
848 <para>In this example, we
|
|
bos@553
|
849 can see what changes we could push to the remote repository,
|
|
bos@553
|
850 but the repository is understandably not set up to let
|
|
bos@558
|
851 anonymous users push to it.</para>
|
|
bos@558
|
852
|
|
bos@558
|
853 <!-- &interaction.tour.push.net; -->
|
|
bos@553
|
854 </sect2>
|
|
bos@553
|
855 </sect1>
|
|
bos@553
|
856 </chapter>
|
|
bos@553
|
857
|
|
bos@553
|
858 <!--
|
|
bos@553
|
859 local variables:
|
|
bos@553
|
860 sgml-parent-document: ("00book.xml" "book" "chapter")
|
|
bos@553
|
861 end:
|
|
bos@553
|
862 -->
|
